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Intro to Neuroscience > Homeostasis, motivated behavior, and stress > Flashcards

Homeostasis, motivated behavior, and stress Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

the active process of maintaining a relatively stable, balanced internal environment.

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2
Q

Motivation

A

psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior.

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3
Q

Critical structures for motivated behavior

A

-Hypothalamus and associated pituitary gland
- Limbic system
- frontal lobe

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4
Q

Regulatory behavior

A

-Behavior motivated to meet the survival needs of the animal
-Controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, which involve the hypothalamus

ex. eating, temperature and salt regulation, waste elimination

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5
Q

Homeostatic Mechanism

A

Process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow, fixed range

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6
Q

Nonregulatory behavior

A

-Behavior unnecessary to meet the basic survival needs of the animal
-Not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
-Most involve the frontal lobes more than the hypothalamus
Strongly influenced by external stimuli

ex. sex, aggression

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7
Q

Regulatory Function of the Hypothalamic Circuit

A

-Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by acting on both the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system.
-Influences behaviors selected by the limbic system

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8
Q

What motivated behaviors is the hypothalmus responsible for

A

Wide range of behaviors including heart rate, feeding, and sexual behaviors

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9
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

stimulated by high extracellular solute concentration.

ex. eating pizza

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10
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

stimulated by reduced extracellular volume

ex. blood loss

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11
Q

Osmosensory neurons

A

in the hypothalamus respond to changes in osmotic pressure

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12
Q

Aldosterone

A

steroid hormone that is released from the adrenal gland in response to thirst signals

-stimulates the kidneys to conserve Na+, aiding water retention.

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

secretions control the activities of many other endocrine glands

associated with biological rhythms

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14
Q

Subfornical organ

A

-sensitive to angiotensin II
-stimulation strongly elicits drinking behavior

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15
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Neural tissue; continuation of the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Glandular tissue; synthesizes various hormones

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17
Q

Peptides that are released by the hypothalamus and act to increase or decrease the release of hormones from the

A

anterior pituitary

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18
Q

Three Regions of the Hypothalamus

A

Lateral region
Medial region
Paraventricular region

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19
Q

Vasopressin

A

aka anti-diuretic hormone
prevents urination to conserve water

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20
Q

Paraventricular region of the hypothalmus

A

produce oxytocin: released during intimate moments such as nurturing behavior, hugging, or sex; known as the bonding hormone.

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21
Q

Lateral Region of the hypothalmus

A

Contains nuclei and nerve tracts that connect the lower brainstem to the forebrain

22
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

A

-Tract that connects structures in the brainstem with various parts of the limbic system
-Forms the activating projections from the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex
-Dopamine-containing fibers are involved in reward and therefore contribute to many motivated behaviors

23
Q

Feedback Loops

A

Control the amount of hormone that is released
Hormones influence the hypothalamus to decrease secretion of releasing hormones

24
Q

Neural Regulation

A

Other brain regions (e.g., limbic system and frontal lobes) influence hormone release
Excitatory and inhibitory influences exerted by cognitive activity can influence neurons in the periventricular region

25
Q

Aphagia

A

-observed following lesions to the lateral hypothalamus
-failure to eat

26
Q

Experiential Responses

A

Experience can alter the structure and function of hypothalamic neurons

27
Q

Endotherms

A

generate most of their own heat through internal processes

28
Q

Ectotherms

A

get most of their heat from the environment.

29
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate temperature, body fluids, and metabolism are primarily

A

negative feedback systems

30
Q

Hyperphagia

A

-overeating
-produced by lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

31
Q

Cognitive factors that contribute to eating behavior

A
  1. amygdala- projects to hypothalamus
  2. Inferior prefrontal cortex- receives input from olfactory bulb
32
Q

negative feedback

A

property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals

33
Q

Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

abolish behavioral regulation, but do not affect physiological responses such as shivering.

34
Q

Intracellular compartment:

A

The fluid part of the body contained within cells

35
Q

Extracellular compartment

A

The fluid space outside of cells
-The extracellular compartment, is divided between the interstitial fluid (the fluid between cells) and blood plasma (the protein-rich fluid that carries red and white blood cells).

36
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

controls female mating posture

37
Q

Water moves in and out of cells through

A

aquaporins

38
Q

Osmosis

A

passive movement of water molecules, through a semipermeable membrane, from one place to another

39
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

tendency of a solvent to move through a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute

40
Q

Baroreceptors in major blood vessels and the heart detect the initial drop; the heart decreases secretion of

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

41
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes

A

blood pressure to rise and water excretion to decrease

42
Q

Preoptic area of the medial hypothalamus

A

Controls copulatory behavior in males, but not sexual motivation

43
Q

Amygdala (sexual response)

A

controls sexual motivation in males and possibly in females outside of their estrous cycle

44
Q

Low road

A

sensory info -> thalamus -> directly to amygdala
primes the amygdala

45
Q

High road

A

thalamus -> sensory cortex -> amygdala
detailed analysis

46
Q

Primary olfactory pathway

A

-pyriform cortex
-common odors
-vomeronasal organ: pheromones

47
Q

______ seem to increase aggression in rats

A

androgens

48
Q

______ levels seem to impact aggression levels in humans

A

serotonin

49
Q

Hypothalamus stimulates ________ in response to stress

A

anterior pituitary

50
Q

Stress immunization

A

mild stress early in life makes one more capable of handling stress later in life

51
Q

Epigenetic regulation

A

change in expression of a gene rather than a change in the encoding region of the gene

52
Q
A

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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