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Intro to Neuroscience > Learning, memory and higher cognition > Flashcards

Learning, memory and higher cognition Flashcards

1
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of old memories

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2
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

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3
Q

damage to hippocampus causes

A

anterograde amnesia, old memories still remain

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4
Q

declarative memories

A

memories that we are aware we formed, associated with hippocampus

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5
Q

nondeclarative memories

A

memories shown through performance rather than conscious recollection, associated with amygdala, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

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6
Q

encoding

A

information goes to short term memory

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7
Q

consolidation

A

transfer from short to long term memory

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8
Q

retrieval

A

use of stored information

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9
Q

Anisomycin

A

antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis necessary for synaptic changes

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10
Q

Every time a memory is reactivated it undergoes

A

reconsolidation

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11
Q

Habituation

A

decreased response to repeated presentation of a stimulus

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12
Q

Sensitization

A

prior strong stimulation increases response to most stimuli

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13
Q

Nonassociative learning

A

a single stimulus presented once or repeated

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14
Q

Example of habituation

A

gill withdrawal response in sea slugs

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15
Q

neurons that fire together

A

wire together

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16
Q

The number of synapses between the sensory cell and the motor neuron _____ during habituation

A

decreases

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17
Q

Sensitization typically occurs in the presence of

A

sudden, novel stimulus
ex. shock presented to the sea slug at the same time as a water jet, enhancing the gill withdrawal response

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18
Q

Sensitization occurs via

A

a serotonergic interneuron

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19
Q

Long term potentiation

A

the change in amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential in response to stimulation at a synapse

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20
Q

Long term potentiation is dependent on _____ receptors that work with _____ receptors in CA1

A

NMDA, AMPA

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21
Q

Normally NMDA and AMPA respond to

A

glutamate

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22
Q

In the hippocampus, NMDA receptors are blocked by

A

magnesium ions

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23
Q

NMDA receptors can be unblocked by

A

exposure to a strong stimulus at a neighboring synapse or repeated stimulation at one synapse

24
Q

Large calcium influx causes activation of

A

kinases

25
Q

CaMKII

A

-causes more AMPA receptors to be produced and inserted into the postsynaptic membrane
-increases the conductance of sodium and potassium ions in membrane-bound AMPA receptors

26
Q

Lateralization

A

cerebral hemispheres are specialized for different functions

27
Q

Lateralization is not the same as _________

A

hemispheric dominance

28
Q

Right hemisphere is specialized for

A

processing emotional tone of language
controlling attention
spatial processing
face perception

29
Q

Left hemisphere (right visual field) shows better recognition of

A

words and letters

30
Q

Right hemisphere (left visual field) shows better recognition of

A

faces and geometric shapes

31
Q

planum temporale

A

superior surface of the temporal lobes
usually larger in the left hemisphere than it is in the right

32
Q

Important regions for control of language

A

Broca and Wernicke’s areas
dorsal areas of the frontal lobes
motor and somatosensory areas that control facial, tongue, and throat muscles

33
Q

Boca

A

grande burritos

34
Q

Broca’s area

A

produces movements needed for speech

35
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

regulates language comprehension

36
Q

Supplementary speech area

A

speech production region on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobe

37
Q

paraphasia

A

insertion of incorrect sounds or words.

38
Q

Neologisms

A

Entirely novel nonsense words.

39
Q

Alexia

A

inability to read

40
Q

Alexia

A

inability to write

41
Q

reading music is processed in the

A

left hemisphere

42
Q

prosopagnosia

A

people fail to recognize familiar faces, including their own.
Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus

43
Q

Regions of prefrontal cortex

A

lateral PFC
frontal pole
medial PFC
ventromedial zone

44
Q

People with frontal lobe injuries are unable to _______

A

organize their behavior

45
Q

If the temporal association cortex is destroyed, the person will develop

A

visual agnosia

46
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

subjects fail to perceive unattended stimuli when two or more stimuli are presented simultaneously

47
Q

Sustained visual attention

A

effects in contralateral LGN, visual cortex

48
Q

Sustained auditory attention

A

effects in auditory cortex

49
Q

Damage to the frontal association cortex

A

focusing excessively on external stimuli and difficulty shifting attention

50
Q

Damage to the parietal association cortex

A

can produce contralateral neglect- patient ignores stimuli that are contralateral to the side of the brain injury

51
Q

best part of the brain

A

pons <3

52
Q

should you take a class with jessica green

A

no

53
Q

what could jessica green talk about forever

A

attention

54
Q

Orbitofrontal damage

A

tend to bring up impolite and overly personal topics

55
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex is necessary for

A

accurate self-assessment in real-time

56
Q

Prefrontal affected region:
Dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, mediofrontal
Syndrome type:

A

dysexecutive, disinhibited, apathetic, respectively

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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