Learning, memory and higher cognition

Question 1

retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

loss of old memories

Question 2

anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

inability to form new memories

Question 3

damage to hippocampus causes

Answer 3

anterograde amnesia, old memories still remain

Question 4

declarative memories

Answer 4

memories that we are aware we formed, associated with hippocampus

Question 5

nondeclarative memories

Answer 5

memories shown through performance rather than conscious recollection, associated with amygdala, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

Question 6

encoding

Answer 6

information goes to short term memory

Question 7

consolidation

Answer 7

transfer from short to long term memory

Question 8

retrieval

Answer 8

use of stored information

Question 9

Anisomycin

Answer 9

antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis necessary for synaptic changes

Question 10

Every time a memory is reactivated it undergoes

Answer 10

reconsolidation

Question 11

Habituation

Answer 11

decreased response to repeated presentation of a stimulus

Question 12

Sensitization

Answer 12

prior strong stimulation increases response to most stimuli

Question 13

Nonassociative learning

Answer 13

a single stimulus presented once or repeated

Question 14

Example of habituation

Answer 14

gill withdrawal response in sea slugs

Question 15

neurons that fire together

Answer 15

wire together

Question 16

The number of synapses between the sensory cell and the motor neuron _____ during habituation

Answer 16

decreases

Question 17

Sensitization typically occurs in the presence of

Answer 17

sudden, novel stimulus
ex. shock presented to the sea slug at the same time as a water jet, enhancing the gill withdrawal response

Question 18

Sensitization occurs via

Answer 18

a serotonergic interneuron

Question 19

Long term potentiation

Answer 19

the change in amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential in response to stimulation at a synapse

Question 20

Long term potentiation is dependent on _____ receptors that work with _____ receptors in CA1

Answer 20

NMDA, AMPA

Question 21

Normally NMDA and AMPA respond to

Answer 21

glutamate

Question 22

In the hippocampus, NMDA receptors are blocked by

Answer 22

magnesium ions

Question 23

NMDA receptors can be unblocked by

Answer 23

exposure to a strong stimulus at a neighboring synapse or repeated stimulation at one synapse

Question 24

Large calcium influx causes activation of

Answer 24

kinases

Question 25

CaMKII

Answer 25

-causes more AMPA receptors to be produced and inserted into the postsynaptic membrane -increases the conductance of sodium and potassium ions in membrane-bound AMPA receptors

Question 26

Lateralization

Answer 26

cerebral hemispheres are specialized for different functions

Question 27

Lateralization is not the same as _________

Answer 27

hemispheric dominance

Question 28

Right hemisphere is specialized for

Answer 28

processing emotional tone of language controlling attention spatial processing face perception

Question 29

Left hemisphere (right visual field) shows better recognition of

Answer 29

words and letters

Question 30

Right hemisphere (left visual field) shows better recognition of

Answer 30

faces and geometric shapes

Question 31

planum temporale

Answer 31

superior surface of the temporal lobes usually larger in the left hemisphere than it is in the right

Question 32

Important regions for control of language

Answer 32

Broca and Wernicke's areas dorsal areas of the frontal lobes motor and somatosensory areas that control facial, tongue, and throat muscles

Question 33

Boca

Answer 33

grande burritos

Question 34

Broca's area

Answer 34

produces movements needed for speech

Question 35

Wernicke's area

Answer 35

regulates language comprehension

Question 36

Supplementary speech area

Answer 36

speech production region on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobe

Question 37

paraphasia

Answer 37

insertion of incorrect sounds or words.

Question 38

Neologisms

Answer 38

Entirely novel nonsense words.

Question 39

Alexia

Answer 39

inability to read

Question 40

Alexia

Answer 40

inability to write

Question 41

reading music is processed in the

Answer 41

left hemisphere

Question 42

prosopagnosia

Answer 42

people fail to recognize familiar faces, including their own. Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus

Question 43

Regions of prefrontal cortex

Answer 43

lateral PFC frontal pole medial PFC ventromedial zone

Question 44

People with frontal lobe injuries are unable to _______

Answer 44

organize their behavior

Question 45

If the temporal association cortex is destroyed, the person will develop

Answer 45

visual agnosia

Question 46

Inattentional blindness

Answer 46

subjects fail to perceive unattended stimuli when two or more stimuli are presented simultaneously

Question 47

Sustained visual attention

Answer 47

effects in contralateral LGN, visual cortex

Question 48

Sustained auditory attention

Answer 48

effects in auditory cortex

Question 49

Damage to the frontal association cortex

Answer 49

focusing excessively on external stimuli and difficulty shifting attention

Question 50

Damage to the parietal association cortex

Answer 50

can produce contralateral neglect- patient ignores stimuli that are contralateral to the side of the brain injury

Question 51

best part of the brain

Answer 51

pons <3

Question 52

should you take a class with jessica green

Answer 52

no

Question 53

what could jessica green talk about forever

Answer 53

attention

Question 54

Orbitofrontal damage

Answer 54

tend to bring up impolite and overly personal topics

Question 55

Orbitofrontal cortex is necessary for

Answer 55

accurate self-assessment in real-time

Question 56

Prefrontal affected region: Dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, mediofrontal Syndrome type:

Answer 56

dysexecutive, disinhibited, apathetic, respectively