Psychopathology : Mental Disorders

Question 1

Phobias - what’s a phobia?

Answer 1

persistent irrational fear of a specitic situation, object or activity which is consequenty either strenuously avoided or endured with marked distress

Question 2

Phobias - DSM-5

Answer 2

Diagnostic Statistical Manual (5th version) published by the American Pouchiatric Association (APA)

Question 3

Phobias - ICD-11

Answer 3

International Statistical Classification of Diseases (11th version) published by the World Health Organisation (WHO)

Question 4

Phobias - 3 catagories of phobias recognised by DSM-5

Answer 4

Specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia

Question 5

Phobias - specific phobia

Answer 5

phobia of an object, such as an animal or body part, or a situation

Question 6

Phobias - social phobia

Answer 6

phobia of a social situation

Question 7

Phobias - Agoraphobia major depressive disorder

Answer 7

phobia of being outside or in a public place

Question 8

Phobias - diagnostic criteria for phobias

Answer 8

> 6 months of intensity, distress (emotional, behavioural, cognitive)

Question 9

Phobias - emotional symptoms associated with phobias

Answer 9

Anxiety, fear, unreasonable thoughts/ actions

Question 10

Phobias - Anxiety

Answer 10

phobias involve the emotional response of anxiety (high arousal)

Question 11

Phobias - fear

Answer 11

immediate and unpleasant response when you encounter or think about a phobic stimulus

Question 12

Phobias - unreasonable thoughts/ actions

Answer 12

disproportionate to any threat posed

Question 13

Phobias - behavioural symptoms associated with phobias

Answer 13

Panic, avoidance, endurance

Question 14

Phobias - panic

Answer 14

shortness of breath, shaking, high heart rate

Question 15

Phobias - avoidance

Answer 15

effort to avoid the phobic stimulus (affects daily life)

Question 16

Phobias - endurance

Answer 16

person chooses to remain in the presence of the phobic stimulus (to keep an eye on it)

Question 17

Phobias - cognitive symptoms associated with phobias

Answer 17

Selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions

Question 18

Phobias - selective attention

Answer 18

finds it hard looking away from the phobic stimulus

Question 19

Phobias - irrational belifs

Answer 19

doesn’t respond to evidence

Question 20

Phobias - cognitive distoryions

Answer 20

thoughts about the phobic stimulus are distorted

Question 21

Depression - what’s depression?

Answer 21

mental health disorder, persistent sadness and lack of interest and pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities

Question 22

Depression - 4 categories recognised by DSM-5

Answer 22

Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive, disruptive mood dysregulation, premenstrual dysphoric

Question 23

Depression - major depressive disorder

Answer 23

severe, but often short-term depression

Question 24

Depression - persistent depressive

Answer 24

long term or recurring depression, including sustained major depression (used to be called dysthymia)

Question 25

**Depression** - Disruptive mood dysregulation major

Answer 25

childhood temper tantrums

Question 26

**Depression** - premenstrual dysphoric

Answer 26

disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation

Question 27

**Depression** - diagnostic criteria

Answer 27

5 symptoms every day for 2 weeks, anhedonia

Question 28

**Depression** - emotional symptoms associated

Answer 28

Low mood, anhedonia, anger, low self esteem

Question 29

**Depression** - low mood

Answer 29

feeling empty, worthless, hopeless

Question 30

**Depression** - anhedonia

Answer 30

loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies/activities once enjoyed (accompenied by avolition - loss of motivation to perform goal directed activities)

Question 31

**Depression** - anger

Answer 31

directed towards the self (general feeling of being emotionally hurt)

Question 32

**Depression** - low self esteem

Answer 32

low perception of self (leads to self-loathing)

Question 33

**Depression** - behavioural symptoms associated

Answer 33

Low activity level, disruptive sleep, disrupted eating, aggression/ self harm

Question 34

**Depression** - low activity level

Answer 34

Sense of tiredness, desire to sleep (can be apposite: psychomotor agitation)

Question 35

**Depression** - Disruptive sleep

Answer 35

insomnia / increased sleep

Question 36

**Depression** - disruptive eating

Answer 36

eating more/less

Question 37

**Depression** - aggression/ self harm

Answer 37

increased irritability, verbally/physically aggressive, ending of jobs/ relationships; cutting, harm to self, suicide

Question 38

**Depression** - cognitive symptoms

Answer 38

Poor concentration, attention to the negative, absolutist thinking, memory bias

Question 39

**Depression** - poor concentration

Answer 39

cannot focus on a task as much as normal and finds it difficult to make decisions

Question 40

**Depression** - attention to the negative

Answer 40

negative self-beliefs such as guilt and sense of worthlessness

Question 41

**Depression** - absolutist thinking

Answer 41

seeing things in *black and white* - can catastrophise situation

Question 42

**Depression** - memory bias

Answer 42

cognitive bias of remembering unhappy events easier

Question 43

**OCD** - what’s OCD?

Answer 43

mental health condition where you have obsessive thoughts (internal) and compulsive behaviours (external)

Question 44

**OCD** - 4 catagories recognised by DSM-5

Answer 44

OCD, trichotillomania, hoarding, excoriation

Question 45

**OCD** - OCD

Answer 45

obsessive, recurring thoughts, images, compulsions

Question 46

**OCD** - trichotillomania

Answer 46

compulsive hair pulling

Question 47

**OCD** - hoading

Answer 47

compulsive gathering of possessions and the inability to part with anything (regardless of value)

Question 48

**OCD** - excoriation

Answer 48

Compulsive skin picking

Question 49

**OCD** - diagnostic criteria

Answer 49

> 1hr a day in distress (presence of obsessions, compulsions)

Question 50

**OCD** - emotional symptoms

Answer 50

Anxiety and distress, depression, guilt and disgust

Question 51

**OCD** - anxiety and distress

Answer 51

obsessive thoughts are intrusive and frightening (urge to repeat behaviour produces it)

Question 52

**OCD** - depression

Answer 52

OCD is often accompanied by depression (compulsive behaviour can bring short term relief)

Question 53

**OCD** - guilt and disgust

Answer 53

sufferers often aware their obsessive thoughts are irrational and their compulsive behaviours are abnormal. They can suffer guilt over minor moral issues (disgust may be towards the self or externally)

Question 54

**OCD** - behavioural symoptons

Answer 54

Repetitive/ ritualistic, avoidance, anxiety

Question 55

**OCD** - repetitive/ ritualistic

Answer 55

feel compelled to act on their obsessive thoughts with repetitive behaviours acts (compulsions). They're repetitive, unpleasant and interfere with everyday life

Question 56

**OCD** - avoidance

Answer 56

Attempt to avoid situations which trigger obsessions and compulsions

Question 57

**OCD** - anxiety

Answer 57

compulsive behaviours often reduce anxiety caused by obsessions, compulsive checking in response to the obsessive thought that it might have been left unsecured

Question 58

**OCD** - cognitive symptoms

Answer 58

Obsessive thoughts, hyper-vigilance, cognitive coping strategies, insight

Question 59

**OCD** - obsessive thoughts

Answer 59

intrusive, recurring, unwanted thoughts. 90% have them. They're repetitive, unpleasant and interfere with everyday life (present most days for 2 weeks or more)

Question 60

**OCD** - hypervigilance

Answer 60

selective attending and increased awareness of source of obsessions in new situations

Question 61

**OCD** - cognitive coping strategies

Answer 61

coping methods that manage anxiety and act as a distraction

Question 62

**OCD** - insight

Answer 62

Aware their cognitions are irrational, despite this they maintain constant alertness and focus on potential hazards