PSYCHOLOGY- SOCIAL

Question 1

Three-component model of attitudes:

Answer 1

1. Affective component: what the person feels about the object (favourable/ unfavourable
   evaluations) – e.g. I love chocolate
2. Cognitive component: thoughts, beliefs, knowledge about the object – e.g. Chocolate
   keeps me active
3. Behavioural component: actual or intended responses to the object e.g. I eat chocolate
   every day

Question 2

theory for why attitudes change
Cognitive dissonance theory:
(whos theory?)

Answer 2

Cognitive dissonance theory: (Festinger)

strive for consistency between thoughts, feelings and actions. If there is a discrepancy
between different attitudes (cognitive dissonance) or between attitudes and behaviours
(attitude-behaviour discrepancy), then this initiates and drives either a change in attitudes (more
common) or a change in behaviours.

Question 3

Dollar- 20 dollar experiment

how to reduce dissonance

Answer 3

those paid less to do boring task started liking task

This highlights the processes relating to counter-attitudinal behaviours.

reduce dissonance-
- remove or dinal, triviallising, adding new consonant to counterbalance

Question 4

Self-perception theory:

Answer 4

Self-perception theory:
According to Bem, self-report of attitude after a behaviour is usually an inference of one’s own behaviour and context.

EG - someone might infer their attitude towards work ethic by observing their behavior, such as working overtime.

Question 4

Utilitarianism

Deontological

Virtue based

Teleology aka…

Answer 4

util- The greatest good for the greatest number.

deontol - associated with Kant (1724-1804). He believed that morality was not dependent on how much happiness resulted from particular action - act itself

virtue based- eg personality traits

teleology - consequences of actions as the first step in analyzing moral activity aka consequentialism

Question 5

measuring attitiudes
thurnstone -
likert
sociometry
guttman
osgooods semantic differential

Answer 5

thurnstone - panel of judges to get average from statements then added to 11 point scale

likert = agree to disagree

sociometry - sociograms grid like fashion

guttman- step wise - scaleogram

osgooods semantic differential = semantic space with 2 differentials eg active vs inactive

Question 6

self consciousness
self image
self esteem
ideal self

Answer 6

• Self-consciousness: Awareness of distinct self, compared to other objects in the environment. Only humans are thought to possess full self-consciousness.

Self-image: This refers to an answer one might give for the question ‘who are you?’ It includes one’s description of social roles (social self), personality traits and physical characters (bodily self).

• Self-esteem: This refers to a personal judgment of worthiness expressed in the attitudes one holds towards oneself.

Self-image is descriptive, but self-esteem is evaluative.

Ideal self: This represents ‘what we would like ourselves to be’. One’s self-esteem
depends on the discrepancy between one’s ideal self and self-image

Question 7

touching the dot experiment
what age?

Answer 7

15 months+ (often 20 months) when red dot shown on nose in mirror
higher primates also do this mirror recognition

Question 8

Kellys covariant model of behaviour
3 elements important

Weiner- systematic attributional theory

Answer 8

Consensus - is everyone late vs them
Distinctiveness- is it only this class late to?
Consistency is it every time to this class

weiner- locus, transient and controllability

Question 9

Attribution bias

Answer 9

fundamental attribution error- overestimating dispositional factors not situational

actor-observer effect- tendancy to attribute ones own behaviour to external causes but others behaviour to internal causes

self serving bias= attribute failures to external factors but success to self. doesnt happen with depression

just world hypothesis - people receive what they deserve

false consensus effect - overestimate how much others agree with them- cultural /racial stereotypes-

Question 10

Theory of Mind (ToM)
develops?

First order belief tasks

sally anne test - wimmer and perner

deceptive container

Answer 10

3.5 -4 yrs.
the understanding that
other persons do have mental processes similar to self
psychosis +ve syx, autism and conduct/ antisocial PD

3 yrs old dont grasp sally wont know chocolate has been moved

deceptive container task- false belief - forget they said candy when its really a penil

Question 11

Barnum effect

hawthorne effect

pygmalion effect

Answer 11

barnum - widespread predisposition to believe
that general and vague personality descriptions or predictions (often given by astrologers,
horoscopes) apply to certain individuals

hawthorne- people change their behavior when they are aware they are being observed

pygmalion- or Rosenthal effect is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy wherein students
with poor expectations from their teachers internalize their negative label and perform
poorly, and those with positive expectations internalise their positive labels and succeed
academically.

Question 12

2nd order false belief tasks

Answer 12

other people can have their own thoughts about another (third) person’s state of mind.
tests usually passed 6yrs old
some autistic children never pass/ in teens
in amygdala, inferior parietal, medial frontal cortex

Question 13

phonology
morphology
syntax
phonetics
semantics
pragmatics
sociolinguisits
semiotics

Answer 13

• Phonology: The study of sound structure
• Morphology: The study of sound structure
• Syntax: The study of sentence structure
• Phonetics: The study of physical act of speaking
• Semantics: The study of the connection of language to meanings. Semanticists consider
  that meanings are inherent in sentences; while communication-intentionists consider that
  meaning is not inherent but comes from something that people do when using language
• Pragmatics: The study of the connection of context to meanings.
• Sociolinguistics: The study of the connection of language to social situations
• Semiotics: The study of signs and symbols in relation to their form and content

Question 14

Whorfian hypothesis

Answer 14

linguistic relativity
speakers of different languages think differently aka linguistic determinism
- Noam chomsky argues against this

Question 15

Asch test

Answer 15

assess conformity
measures lines
size of group majority up to 3 to 5 people influenced conformity; a much larger majority
did not influence individual decisions.
higher in collectivist cultures

Question 16

Milgrams experiment obedience

Answer 16

recruited by an authoritative university
faculty and were asked to administer electric shock to victims

Question 17

Group processess

-risky shift
-group polarisation
-groupthink
-normaltive influence
-informational influence
-social identity

Answer 17

risky shift - group can make more risky decisions

group polarisation - strenghten individual inclinations

group think- While making extreme decisions, the desire to agree with other members of a group can override
rational judgment

normative influence- people have a need not to appear odd
informational influence - more information after group discussion helps

social identity - group norm established, pressure to conform to maintain belonging

Question 18

Social power
French and raven 6 sources organisational power
- reward
- coercive
- legitimate
- referent
- expert
- information

Answer 18

Reward Power - based on the perceived ability to give positive consequences or remove
negative ones
2. Coercive Power - the perceived ability to punish those who not conform with your ideas
or demands
3. Legitimate Power - based on the perception that someone has the right to prescribe
behaviour due to election or appointment to a position of responsibility
4. Referent Power - through association with others who possess power
5. Expert Power - based on having distinctive knowledge, expertness, ability or skills
6. Information Power (Similar to 5) - based on controlling the information

Question 19

Leadership types
- autocratic
- democratic
- laissex-faire

Answer 19

• autocratic - without consultation of others
• democratic - involves others
• laissex-faire - leaders decision making is minimal - up to group

Question 20

Theories of prejudice

Adornos authoritarian personality theory

Scapegoating

Relative deprivation

Realisitic conflict

Social identity

Answer 20

Adornos authoritarian personality theory - Authoritarians are prejudiced in a generalised
manner; difficult upbringing and disciplinarian rules in childhood m

Scapegoating - e frustration-aggression model of Dollard. In
situations of extreme frustration when the source of such frustration is too powerful, we
may tend to displace aggression towards a soft target – the scapegoat

Relative deprivation - The discrepancy
between actual attainments and expectations of a society is called relative deprivation.
Any acute changes can cause a sudden substantial relative deprivation, leading to unrest
and scapegoating follows.

Realistic conflict - the mere suggestion of competition is enough to trigger prejudices

Social identity - eople’s sense of belonging to social groups influences their behavior

Question 21

Build up /hydraulic theories of aggression

psychoanalysis
evolutionary

Answer 21

Psychoanalysis Theory: Human aggression is due the death instinct Thanatos - an
instinctive biological destructive death related urge that gradually builds up in everyone and must at some point be released.

Evolutionary Theory: Through the process of natural selection, aggression ensures survival of the aggressor’s genes

Question 22

Non-hydraulic models of aggression (refute build up)

genetic
social learning
frustration aggression

festingers deindividualisation

Answer 22

Genetic - inherit traits such as impulsiveness that become agression

social learning theory- bobo doll bandura- learnt

frustration aggression - product of frustration (potential outcome or depression) displace frustration oto less powerful target

festingers deindividualisation - uniforms eg police reduce identity and diffuse responsibility therefore more aggressive

agression more common in individualist than collectivist cultures

Question 23

factors affecting stress and aggression primates

Answer 23

dominant wolves have more cortisol in the wild; subordinates have higher levels
in captivity

Aggressive encounters are highest among adolescent males during group migrations.

mating competition increases

parental control is essential for the development of cortical
areas involved in impulse control

Question 24

Bystander apathy called?

Pluralistic ignorance:

Dissolution of responsibility:

Diffusion of responsibility:

social loafing

Answer 24

Genovese effect

Members of a crowd looking at each other for signs of
distress but remaining calm themselves, leading to misappraisal of the situation being safe
leading to lack of intervention

Dissolution of responsibility: Not knowing what others are doing, rationalizes that someone
would have helped the victim

Diffusion of responsibility: Similar to social loafing – ‘I have some responsibility, but so do
others; let someone else help.’

Social loafing: This is also called Ringelmann’s effect. It is seen in games such as tug-of-war and
in clapping hands after a performance.

Question 25

who is credited with the introduction of the term ‘good enough mother’?

who developed attachment theory ?

Answer 25

Donald Winnicott

John Bowlby

Question 26

who coined the term ‘schizoaffective disorder’?

Answer 26

Kasanin.