PSYCHOLOGY- SOCIAL Flashcards
Three-component model of attitudes:
- Affective component: what the person feels about the object (favourable/ unfavourable
evaluations) – e.g. I love chocolate - Cognitive component: thoughts, beliefs, knowledge about the object – e.g. Chocolate
keeps me active - Behavioural component: actual or intended responses to the object e.g. I eat chocolate
every day
theory for why attitudes change
Cognitive dissonance theory:
(whos theory?)
Cognitive dissonance theory: (Festinger)
strive for consistency between** thoughts, feelings and actions.**
If there is a discrepancy between different attitudes (cognitive dissonance) or between attitudes and behaviours (attitude-behaviour discrepancy), then this initiates and drives either a change in attitudes (more
common) or a change in behaviours.
Dollar- 20 dollar experiment
how to reduce dissonance
those paid less to do boring task started liking task
This highlights the processes relating to counter-attitudinal behaviours.
reduce dissonance-
- remove or dinal, triviallising, adding new consonant to counterbalance
Self-perception theory:
Self-perception theory:
According to Bem, self-report of attitude after a behaviour is usually an inference of one’s own behaviour and context.
EG - someone might infer their attitude towards work ethic by observing their behavior, such as working overtime.
Utilitarianism
Deontological
Virtue based
Teleology aka…
util- The greatest good for the greatest number.
deontol - associated with Kant (1724-1804). He believed that morality was not dependent on how much happiness resulted from particular action - act itself
virtue based- eg personality traits
teleology - consequences of actions as the first step in analyzing moral activity aka consequentialism
measuring attitiudes
thurnstone -
likert
sociometry
guttman
osgooods semantic differential
thurnstone - panel of judges to get average from statements then added to 11 point scale
likert = agree to disagree
sociometry - sociograms grid like fashion
guttman- step wise - scaleogram
osgooods semantic differential = semantic space with 2 differentials eg active vs inactive
self consciousness
self image
self esteem
ideal self
- Self-consciousness: Awareness of distinct self, compared to other objects in the environment. Only humans are thought to possess full self-consciousness.
Self-image: This refers to an answer one might give for the question ‘who are you?’ It includes one’s description of social roles (social self), personality traits and physical characters (bodily self).
- Self-esteem: This refers to a personal judgment of worthiness expressed in the attitudes one holds towards oneself.
Self-image is descriptive, but self-esteem is evaluative.
Ideal self: This represents ‘what we would like ourselves to be’. One’s self-esteem
depends on the discrepancy between one’s ideal self and self-image
touching the dot experiment
what age?
- 15 months+ (often 20 months) when red dot shown on nose in mirror
- higher primates also do this mirror recognition
Kellys covariant model of behaviour
3 elements important
Weiner- systematic attributional theory
Consensus - is everyone late vs them
Distinctiveness- is it only this class late to?
Consistency is it every time to this class
weiner- locus, transient and controllability
Attribution bias
* fundamental attribution error
* actor-observer effect
* self serving bias
* just world
* false consensus
*
fundamental attribution error- overestimating dispositional factors not situational
actor-observer effect- tendancy to attribute ones own behaviour to external causes but others behaviour to internal causes
self serving bias= attribute failures to external factors but success to self. doesnt happen with depression
just world hypothesis - people receive what they deserve
false consensus effect - overestimate how much others agree with them- cultural /racial stereotypes-
Theory of Mind (ToM) develops?
First order belief tasks
sally anne test - wimmer and perner
deceptive container
**3.5 -4 yrs. ** the understanding that
other persons do have mental processes similar to self
psychosis +ve syx, autism and conduct/ antisocial PD
3 yrs old dont grasp sally wont know chocolate has been moved
deceptive container task- false belief - forget they said candy when its really a penil
Barnum effect
hawthorne effect
pygmalion effect
**barnum ** - widespread predisposition to believe
that general and vague personality descriptions or predictions (often given by astrologers,
horoscopes) apply to certain individuals
hawthorne- people change their behavior when they are aware they are being **observed
**
**pygmalion- or Rosenthal effect ** is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy wherein students with poor expectations from their teachers internalize their negative label and perform poorly, and those with positive expectations internalise their positive labels and succeed academically.
2nd order false belief tasks
other people can have their own thoughts about another (third) person’s state of mind.
tests usually passed 6yrs old
some autistic children never pass/ in teens
in amygdala, inferior parietal, medial frontal cortex
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
- phonetics
- semantics
- pragmatics
- sociolinguisits
- semiotics
- Phonology: The study of sound structure
- Morphology: The study of sound structure
- Syntax: The study of sentence structure
- Phonetics: The study of physical act of speaking
- Semantics: The study of the connection of language to meanings. Semanticists consider
that meanings are inherent in sentences; while communication-intentionists consider that
meaning is not inherent but comes from something that people do when using language - Pragmatics: The study of the connection of context to meanings.
- Sociolinguistics: The study of the connection of language to social situations
- Semiotics: The study of signs and symbols in relation to their form and content
Whorfian hypothesis
linguistic relativity
speakers of different languages think differently aka linguistic determinism
- Noam chomsky argues against this
Asch test
- assess conformity
- measures lines
- size of group majority up to 3 to 5 people influenced conformity; a much larger majority
- did not influence individual decisions.
- higher in collectivist cultures
Milgrams experiment obedience
recruited by an authoritative university
faculty and were asked to administer electric shock to victims
Group processess
-risky shift
-group polarisation
-groupthink
-normaltive influence
-informational influence
-social identity
risky shift - group can make more risky decisions
group polarisation - strenghten individual inclinations
group think- While making extreme decisions, the desire to agree with other members of a group can override
rational judgment
normative influence- people have a need not to appear odd
informational influence - more information after group discussion helps
social identity - group norm established, pressure to conform to maintain belonging
Social power
French and raven 6 sources organisational power
- reward
- coercive
- legitimate
- referent
- expert
- information
Reward Power - based on the perceived ability to give positive consequences or remove
negative ones
2. Coercive Power - the perceived ability to punish those who not conform with your ideas
or demands
3. Legitimate Power - based on the perception that someone has the right to prescribe
behaviour due to election or appointment to a position of responsibility
4. Referent Power - through association with others who possess power
5. Expert Power - based on having distinctive knowledge, expertness, ability or skills
6. Information Power (Similar to 5) - based on controlling the information
Leadership types
- autocratic
- democratic
- laissex-faire
- autocratic - without consultation of others
- democratic - involves others
- laissex-faire - leaders decision making is minimal - up to group
Theories of prejudice
Adornos authoritarian personality theory
Scapegoating
Relative deprivation
Realisitic conflict
Social identity
Adornos authoritarian personality theory - Authoritarians are prejudiced in a generalised
manner; difficult upbringing and disciplinarian rules in childhood m
Scapegoating - e frustration-aggression model of Dollard. In
situations of extreme frustration when the source of such frustration is too powerful, we
may tend to displace aggression towards a soft target – the scapegoat
Relative deprivation - The discrepancy
between actual attainments and expectations of a society is called relative deprivation.
Any acute changes can cause a sudden substantial relative deprivation, leading to unrest
and scapegoating follows.
Realistic conflict - the mere suggestion of competition is enough to trigger prejudices
Social identity - eople’s sense of belonging to social groups influences their behavior
Build up /hydraulic theories of aggression
- psychoanalysis
- evolutionary
- Psychoanalysis Theory: Human aggression is due the death instinct = Thanatos - an instinctive biological destructive death related urge that gradually builds up in everyone and must at some point be released.
**Evolutionary Theory: ** Through the process of natural selection, aggression ensures survival of the aggressor’s genes
Non-hydraulic models of aggression (refute build up)
genetic
social learning
frustration aggression
festingers deindividualisation
**Genetic **- inherit traits such as impulsiveness that become agression
**social learning theory- ** bobo doll bandura- learnt
frustration aggression - product of frustration (potential outcome or depression) displace frustration oto less powerful target
**festingers deindividualisation **- uniforms eg police reduce identity and diffuse responsibility therefore more aggressive
agression more common in individualist than collectivist cultures
factors affecting stress and aggression primates
dominant wolves have more cortisol in the wild; subordinates have higher levels in captivity
Aggressive encounters are highest among adolescent males during group migrations.
mating competition increases
parental control is essential for the development of cortical areas involved in impulse control
Bystander apathy called?
Pluralistic ignorance:
Dissolution of responsibility:
Diffusion of responsibility:
social loafing
Genovese effect
Members of a crowd looking at each other for signs of
distress but remaining calm themselves, leading to misappraisal of the situation being safe
leading to lack of intervention
Dissolution of responsibility: Not knowing what others are doing, rationalizes that someone
would have helped the victim
Diffusion of responsibility: Similar to social loafing – ‘I have some responsibility, but so do
others; let someone else help.’
Social loafing: This is also called Ringelmann’s effect. It is seen in games such as tug-of-war and
in clapping hands after a performance.
who is credited with the introduction of the term ‘good enough mother’?
who developed attachment theory ?
Donald Winnicott (donald duck and winnie the pooh help make good mother)
John Bowlby
who coined the term ‘schizoaffective disorder’?
Kasanin.
kohlberg 6 stages moral development
0-9 years (level 1):
Pre conventional
1. avoid punishment
2. seek reward
**Conventional (level 2): ** 9-20 years
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (good boy - nice girl orientation)
4. the law and order orientation- follow rules
**Post-conventional (level 3) 20 and onwards. **
5. Social contract (aka legalistic) orientation
6. universal ethics
maslows hierachy of needs
mnemonic
hint .. about physios
“Physios safely belong (as) esteemed academics
Each word corresponds to a level in the hierarchy:
Physios → Physiological Needs (food, water, shelter, sleep)
Safely → Safety Needs (security, stability, protection)
Belong → Belongingness and Love Needs (friendship, family, relationships)
(as)
Esteemed → Esteem Needs (self-worth, respect, recognition)
Academics → Self-Actualization (personal growth, fulfillment, achieving potential
test for pain scales commonly used?
likert
bowlbys sequence separation anxiety?
Protest DEspaite, detachment
P.DiDdy
target Deep brain stimulation in OCd?
in depression?
OCD- anterior limb internal capsule
Depression = subgenual cingulate gyrus
