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MRPSYCH PART A > PSYCHOLOGY - BASIC > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY - BASIC Flashcards

1
Q

Non associative learning
- habituation
- sensitisation
- pseudoconditioning (cross-sensatisation)

A
  • Habituation –> repeated stimulation = reduction in
    response over time as the organism ‘learns’ the stimulus ‘if you something habitually, the novely wears off’.
  • sensitisation –> repeated exposure = increase response
  • pseudoconditioning (cross-sensatisation) - emergence of a response to a previously neutral
    stimulus simply as a result of exposures to a different but powerful stimulus.
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2
Q

Associative learning
- Classic conditioning
- operant conditioning
- social learning theory

A

Classic conditioning - association of two events e.g. dog is passive in event

operant conditioning - consequences from ones actions eg human acts on environment and learns

social learning theory - both classic and operant

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3
Q

Classical conditioning
- Unconditioned response
- Unconditioned stimulus
- neutral stimulus + conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
- Acquisition

A

unconditioned response (dog salivating)
unconditioned stimulus (sees food)
neutral stimulus –> conditioned stimulus (bell)
conditioned response (salivaiton with bell)

Acquisition = association between CS + UCR - 3-15 pairings

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4
Q

Delayed/ forward conditioning
Backward conditioning
Trace conditioning

A

Delayed/ forward conditioning –> Bell before food
Backward conditioning - food before bell (not useful in animals but used in adverts)
Trace conditioning - CS presented and removed before UCS - depends on memory (under 0.5ms)

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5
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

already conditioned stimulus CS1 as UCS for the next
level of conditioning
animals limit is 4th order

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6
Q

stimulus generalisation

discrimination

extinction + spontaenous recovery

A

stimulus generalisation –> albert afriad of all fluffy white not just rats

discrimination –> e.g. a child may be afraid of dogs but not all four-legged animals

extinction - reduction/disappearance of a learned response when the UCS – CS pairing is not available anymore. + spontaenous recovery = regaining it

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7
Q

Counter conditioning

A

Counter conditioning - previously conditioned response replced by new response eg aversion therapy

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8
Q

Positive reinforced
Negative reinforcer
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer

A

Positive Reinforcer –> Food for pressing a lever (given) / star chart
Negative Reinforcer –> Ceasing of electric shock on pressing a lever (taken away) or compulsions in OCD
Positive Punishment –> Points on your driving license for speeding (given)
Negative Punishment –> A monetary fine from a parking ticket (taken away)

Primary Reinforcer –> Stimulus affecting biological needs (such as food)
Secondary Reinforcer –> Stimulus reinforcing behaviour associated with primary reinforcers
(money, praise)

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9
Q

Premack’s principle (a.k.a. Grandma’s rule):

avoidance learning -

A

premacks- high-frequency behaviour (eating dessert) can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour (eating greens) e.g. “eat your greens and you can have dessert
people are more likely to do something they don’t like if they can do something they enjoy afterward:

avoidance - organism learns to avoid certain responses eg escape conditioning agoraphobia - panic avoided by never leaving house

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10
Q

operant:
aversive conditioning

covert reinforcement

covert sensitzation

flooding

Shaping

A

operant = reward and punishment

aversive - punishment to reduce frequency eg disulfiram and alcohol

covert reinforcement- imagining pleasant event eg imagining Mrcp psych graduation to motivate mcqs

covert sensitazation- imagine inpleasant

flooding: eg stand top burj khalifa to overcome fear heights +( implosion when its only imagined )

shaping- reward each time behaviour is closer to desired eg dog jump through hoop

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11
Q

chaining

incubation

stimulus preparedness

learned helplessness

reciprocol inhibition

cueing

A

chaining- reinforcing a series of related behaviours

incubation - emotional response increases in strength if brief but repeated exposure

stimulus preparedness (seligman) evolutionary hard wired

learned helplessness (Seligman) - when escape seems impossible an animal stops making attempts to escape

reciprocol inhibition (Wolpe) - If stimulus with desired response and stimulus with the undesired
response are presented together repeatedly, then the incompatibility leads to a reduction in frequency of
the undesired response eg dog bark at friend- hug samw time, less dog bark

cueing - eg fingers on lips to reduce chatter
+fading when its unlearned

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12
Q

banduras social learning theory

cognition in learning

bobo doll

A

learn simply by observing

cognition in learning
1. attention, visual imagine encoded, retain information, motor copy and then motivation to act

bobo doll- children watching a model show aggresion to doll learnig to display aggression without any reinforcement

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13
Q

cognitive learning

insight learning

A

cognitive learning (Tollman) reinforcement might be neccessary

insight (Kohler)- purely congitive and not based on stimulus response

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14
Q

Gagnes learning hierachy

A

Stages Gagne’s learning hierarchy
1 Classical conditioning (signal learning)
2 Operant conditioning
3 Chaining
4 Verbal association
5 Discrimination learning
6 Concept learning
7 Rule learning
8 Problem solving

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15
Q

Figure ground differentiation

A

contour, size, orientation and symmetry

cocktail party phenomemnon is how we manage auditory figure ground

dichotoc listening tests = differentiate L and R whisper in ears

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16
Q

Gestalt:

visual cliff

perceptual constancy

Autokinesis

A

global processing occurs before local processing eg incomplete closed figures percieved as fully closed

visual cliff- thick glass test shows children 6months plus wont venture on deep side so when they percieve depth

perceptual constancy - door looks same from any angle or light

Autokinesis- if light is shown from a small, dim fixed light source for a long time in dark room = appear as tho light source is moving = explains UFO sightings and can also affect pilots.

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17
Q

phi phenomenon

A

phi phenomenon- (PHI lip books) Wertheimer - false perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images shown with fixed time interval rapidly

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18
Q

theories of perception
bottom up

top down -

perceptual set

A

bottom up- perception is data driven optic array thats pieced together

top down- using information already known from higher cortical areas hence why illusins of lines >–< vs <–> muller and lyer

perceptual set= readiness to percieve affected by motivation eg ufos seen by people wanting to

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19
Q

Illusions and hallucinations

A

Illusion is defined as any perceptual situation in which a physical object is perceived but appears different
from what it really is e.g. a white wall appears yellow if a yellow light is shone on it

A hallucination is an experience in which an object (e.g. sound or light) is perceived in the absence of any
corresponding object in the real world. A hallucination is often indistinguishable from genuine perception.

20
Q

Innate visual processes

LEarnt visual processes
acuity achieved?

A

innate- visual scanning, tracking, fixating, figure-ground
discrimination are present from birth

learnt- size constancy, shape constancy,
depth perception, shape discrimination
6 months 6:6 acuity achieved

21
Q

Broadbent’s early selection filter theory:
+ added later..

Triesmans attenuation theory

Deutsch-Norman late selection filter model: aka …

A

Ability to process information is capacity limited. temporary buffer reiceves all information and passes to selective filter.
(+ later added pigeon holing- similar to filtering but selection is based on categorisation)

Triesmans attenuation theory - relevance of message matters

Deutsch-Norman late selection filter model: This model rejects Broadbent and suggests that filtering occurs only later, after all inputs are analysed at a higher level / called the pertinence model.

22
Q

Studies of attention in schizophrenia

A

Underlying attentional abnormality for those with a genetic predisposition for psychosis.
- overall reaction time is much slower in patients with schizophrenia + their relatives
- sustained attention, distraction, verbal memory and controlled
processing are also affected.

23
Q

3 types of memory forms

A

sensory- no processing involved

short term - 7+/- 2 items miller. maintaince rehersal can increase.
Uses acoustic encoding. needs elaborative encoding to become LTM

long term - semantic encoding. unlimited capacity and duration.

24
Q

Baddley and hitch - working memory model

retrieval modes

A

phonological loop + visuospatial sketch pad

retrieval modes
- recognition
- recall
- reintegration /reconstruction

25
Q
  • Ribots gradient
  • encoding specificty principle
A

ribots gradient- recent memories more vulneravle to brain damage (after damage to hippocampal memory system = organic amnesia - related to dependenace oof retrieval on hippocampal sytem but LT mems are independent of hyppocampal )

encoding spec- The more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding
situation, the better retrieval.

26
Q

Amnesia
anterorgrade
retrograde
psychogenic amnesia
Fuge

A

Anterograde Amnesia: The loss of the ability to form or
retain new episodic memories AAfter an injury/lesion/event

Retrograde - The loss of episodic memories that were stored before brain damage had occurred (in the past = retro)

psychogenic amnesia = no brain injury but emotionally disturbing event

Fuge - a sudden loss of all autobiographical
memories, knowledge of self and personal identity.

27
Q

Memory tests to learn..

Rey-Osterrieth complex

Wechsler memory tests

A

Rey-Osterrieth complex - Here the subject is first asked to copy a complex
geometric figure and then to draw from memory after an interval of 30 minutes

Wechsler memory tests: read a short story containing 25 elements and recalled 30 mins later

28
Q

Brain imaging memory
- Areas STM?
- The phonological STM system?
- The visuospatial STM system
- LTM includes?

A
  • The brain areas mediating performances in STM are principally = pre-frontal lobes
  • The phonological STM system is mediated by the left hemisphere regions of Broca’s’ area and
    prefrontal cortex.
  • The visuospatial STM system is mediated by the parietal and prefrontal areas of the right hemisphere.
  • The brain areas responsible for LTM includes the regions of the limbic system especially the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe
29
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Behavioural economics

Prospect theory

Cognitive distortions

Counting

Neuro-linguistic programming

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - grammar of mother tongue affects how see world

Behavioural economics- better believe events described more vivid

Prospect theory- based on how framed

Cognitive distortions- internal dialogue affects cognitive distoritons

Counting- some languages have no number above 10

Neuro-linguistic programming- language pattern affect behaviour

30
Q

deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

problem solving
algorithmic
heuristic

A

deductive reasoning –> theory first, observe next

inductive reasoning –> observe then theory

algorithmic - step by step

heuristic- rule of thumb

31
Q

Personality
dispositional
situationalism
nomothetic
idiographic

A

dispositional - constant
situationalism- influenced
nomothetic- shared and comparable
idiographic - unique to person

32
Q

Allport-

Cattell

Eysenck

cloninger-

Rotter-

A

Allport- trait labels - 3 types cardinal, central and secondary

Cattell- surface wand source traits

Eysenck- 3d traits, neuroticism, psychoticism, extraverson

cloninger- 4d temperament novelty seeking, harm-avoidance, reward-dependence, persistence + 3 character dimensions- self directedness, cooperativeness and self trancendence.

Rotter- locus of control single trait theory

33
Q

5 traits

kellys personsl construct

A
  • mccrae + costa
    1. openness
    2. conscientiousness
    3. extraversion
    4. agreeable
    5. neuroticism

neo decreases with age AC increases with age

  • personality only deciphered when observing interpersonal relationships repertory grid
34
Q

sheldon and kretschmer

Friedman and rosenman

Rorschach test

thematic apperception test

Jung

A

sheldon and kretschmer both used body type to describe personality

Friedman and rosenman introduced Type A / Type B personality

Rorschach test- 10 ink blots - free association and inquiry socred using exners

Thematic Apperception Test (Murray) TAT has 20-30 pictures and one blank card

Jung word association test

35
Q

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Q sort

International personality disorder examinaiton

A

MMPI - 10 scales used, developed by hathaway and mckinley

Q sort- sorting cards with selfdescriptive statements

IPDE- assessment of personality disorders (for those > 5
years age)

36
Q

MAslows hierachy of needs

Drive-reduction theory

yerkes-dodson law-

A

self actualisation
self-esteem
belonging
safety
physiological

Hull- homeostasis - needs are responded by creating a psychological state called drive. primary drives biological and secondary are psychological

U shaped curve stress but affected by task difficulty

37
Q

Need for achievement (nAch) - measured
?caused by

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

  • eg. parents who encourage independence, praise, intrapersonal strength, desirability, goal setting
38
Q

Ekman emotions

James-Lange

Cannon band theory

Schachter-singer labelling

A

Ekman emotions- suprise, fear, sadness, anger, happiness, disgust

James-Lange - perception of stimulus leads to bodily changes. increase in heart rate caused by sadness if greater than happiness

Cannon band theory - thalamus coordinates signals to coretex causing conscious experience and simultaneously to hypothalamus causing physiological changes.

Schachter-singer labelling- stimulus- physiological and conscious –> labelled +ve or -ve - called jukebox theory - i no label found, assumed bad.

39
Q

eustress
distress

4 categorioes

stress vulnerability model

gene link

A

eustress = positive small amount improves motivation
distress = large negative amounts

  1. Crises/catastrophes
  2. major life events
  3. microstress daily hassles
  4. ambient eg traffic

Stress Vulnerability model (Zubin and Spring, 1977)

+ capsi et al - 5HT-T 1 or 2 copies of this more depressive syx in relation to life events

40
Q

Coping process
- lazarus 19999

A
  • lazarus 1999
  • think BEFORE feel
    cognitive mediation model
    Three stages:
    Primary appraisal Evaluation of stressor
    Secondary appraisal Evaluation of resources and options to manage the stressful situation
    Coping stage Choose and use strategy to cope with stressor
41
Q

theory of consciousness
- Topographical model of the mind
3 systems

A

The conscious system
- Receives and process information from the outside world, contents communicated via speech and behaviour.
-nAttention cathexis refers to the investment of psychic energy on a particular idea or feeling to process
it consciously. Cathexis is ‘stable’ in the conscious mind. Operates secondary process thinking mainly.

The unconscious system:
- Contains the contents of censored or repressed wishes, Characterized by primary-process thinking, and is governed by the pleasure principle.
- Shift of cathexis happens very often and quickly
- Evident via parapraxes (Freudian slips) and dreams.

The preconscious system:
- As and when needed service, Interfaces with both unconscious and conscious - contents of unconscious become conscious by
‘squeezing’ through the preconscious
- Maintains the ‘repressive barrier’ to censor unacceptable wishes and desires (not the repressed
contents).

42
Q

biorhythems driven by..

circadian

ultradian

infradian

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

.. zeitgebers - time givers.

circadian- 24 hourly

ultradian- those with cycles lasting less than a day

infradian- more than a day + circannual eg hibernation

suprachiasmatic nucleus - internal pacemaker in anterior hypothalamus

43
Q

SLEEP DEPRIVATION

sleep-deprivation psychosis.

A

hat phenomenon

delusional ideations, paranoia, loss
of sense of identity and difficulty in social interaction including disorganized speech

44
Q

hypnosis

suggestion

A

focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness.

communication directed at the conscious mind whereas others believe it is
communication with the unconscious

45
Q

2 factor theory of intelligence

Sternbergs triarchic theory

Flynn effect

flynn paradox

A

2 factor theory =Singer-Schachter theory, which requires both physiological arousal and a cognitive label. |FEEL THEN ADD COGNITIVE LABEL

triarchic theory
- analytic, creative and practical abilities

flynn- IQ measurements improve each generation mostly on fluid intelligence problem solving
- non verbal IQ improved faster than verbal and largest on abstract tests

paradoxes- identical twin, mental retardation, interation and factor.

46
Q

common tests for IQ

SPEARMANS concept of general intelligence (g) derived from?

A

stanford-binet- first formal IQ test introduced before ww

Wechsler - adult, children and preschool versions

from factor analysius

MRPSYCH PART A (20 decks)

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