HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

Question

Lornz - imprinting Innate releasing mechanism Fixed action pattern

Answer 1

goslings imprinted on lorenz and refused to follow mother goose Innate releasing mechanism (IRM) refers to the sensory mechanism selectively responsive to a specific external stimulus and responsible for triggering the stereotyped motor response. (FAP) is an inherent pattern of behaviour initiated by specific stimuli. It consists of species-specific, stereotyped movements e.g. following behaviour in goslings.

Answer 2

Transitional Zone: Psychological development occurs between reality and fantasy; play is key in child development. Transitional Object: Objects (e.g., soft toy, towel) help children transition from fantasy to reality, offering comfort and control. Good Enough Mother: A mother doesn't need to be perfect, just "good enough" to provide a nurturing environment for growth. False Self: Parental control and impositions can lead to the development of a false self, distinct from the real self.

Answer 3

- responsive vs unresponsive - demanding vs undemanding

Answer 4

most important childhood predictors (during age 8-10) of delinquency were - antisocial child behaviour - impulsivity - low intelligence -low attainment - family criminality - poverty and poor parent child rearing behaviour

Answer 5

institutional care- Ex-Institutional Syndrome: Children adopted after institutional care may have attachment issues, struggle with peer relationships, and prefer adult support. intrafamilial abuse- Sexual Abuse Effects: Anxiety, sexualized behavior, borderline personality disorder, substance misuse, dissociation, and depression.

Answer 6

Early Adoption: Better outcomes for children adopted before 4-5 years. Late Adoption: More vulnerable to behavioral problems, but not guaranteed to cause issues. Adopted Status: Children often aware between 2-4 years; parental disclosure reduces trauma. Day Care Risk: Over 20 hours a week before 1 year old can increase insecure attachment. No Impact: If daycare is less frequent or started later.

Answer 7

Parental Death: Lesser impact than parental conflict and separation. Symptoms of Bereavement: Temper tantrums, sadness, irritability, sleep disturbances. Additional Effects of Divorce Physical Effects: Asthma, injuries, headaches, speech defects. Suicide Risk: Higher among children of divorced parents. Adjustment Problems: 25% of teens face adjustment issues. Gender and Divorce Impact Boys: More affected than girls; show physical aggression. Divorce Risk: Children of divorced parents are more likely to divorce themselves.

Answer 8

Infants: Changes in eating, sleeping, and bowel patterns; anxious responses. 3-6 years: Assume responsibility for parental separation. 7-12 years: Decline in school performance. Adolescents: Feel hurt, angry, critical, spend more time away from home. recovery- usually 3-5 years Negative Outcomes: Poor academic achievement, low self-esteem, increased antisocial behavior, depression.

Answer 9

* Authoritative parenting: parents are demanding but responsive; fits propagative parenting and concerted cultivation * Authoritarian parenting: restrictive and punishment heavy; follow rules without explanation. High demand and low responsiveness. * Indulgent parenting: Low demand, high response, the parents are permissible and lenient with few behavioural expectations placed on the child – parents try to be friends with a child. As adults, those with indulgent parents pay less attention to avoiding behaviours which cause aggression in others. * Neglectful parenting: low demand, low response. These parents are detached and dismissive, not involved in the child’s life. Also dismiss child’s emotions and opinions

Answer 10

thirty years (initially 6 years) longitudinal study of 138 children, observing childhood temperaments. It employed parental interviews - easy 40% - difficult - 10% - to slow to warm up 15% - ungrouped - 35% goodness of fit - reciprocol to mother environment and temperament

Answer 11

Autonomy vs. Shame (18 months - 3 years): Children gain control over activities; success builds self-esteem, failure leads to shame. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 12 years): Learning new skills and social competence; failure results in feelings of inadequacy. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 - 18 years): Teens explore independence and form personal identity; failure leads to confusion. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood): Develops love and intimate relationships; lack of this leads to isolation. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood): Seek productivity and contribution through career/family; failure leads to stagnation. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood): Reflect on life achievements and prepare for end of life; failure leads to despair.

Answer 12

Schema: Mental frameworks based on past experiences to understand new information (e.g., bike riding, math). Adaptation: Fitting schemas to the environment through assimilation (incorporating new info into existing schemas) or accommodation (restructuring schemas). Equilibration: Achieved when adaptation leads to effective mental structures, resolving cognitive disequilibrium. Stages: Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Reflexes, object permanence, and goal-directed actions develop. (SPIRO) Preoperational (2-7 years): Early symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and intuitive reasoning. (FAT PILES) Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking, conservation, and perspective-taking emerge. Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive thinking, and advanced logic.

Answer 13

Stages of Language Development: Pre-linguistic Stage (0-12 months): Crying: Primary form of communication. Speech Perception: Babies can distinguish phonemes. Cooing: Starts around 6 weeks. Babbling: Begins around 6 months; repetitive sounds, even in deaf babies (stops at 9-10 months). Phonemic Expansion: Production of non-native sounds. One-word Stage (12-18 months): First Words: Often self-invented and consistent in meaning. Context-bound Words: Words used in specific situations (e.g., “teddy” for “throw up”). Holophrases: One word substitutes for sentences. Word Categories: Nominals, action words, function words, modifiers, social functions. Two-word Stage / Stage 1 Grammar (18-30 months): Telegraphic Speech: Short, meaningful phrases without connecting words (e.g., “want cookie”). Motherese: Simplified, high-pitched language used by adults when speaking to infants. Object Permanence: Words start to represent objects and concepts. Stage 2 Grammar (>30 months): Mean Length of Utterance (MLU): Increase in sentence complexity as grammar develops.

Answer 14

children born with innate language acquisition device

Answer 15

Focus: Prosocial reasoning and altruism. Morality develops through concern for others’ needs, moving from self-focused to empathy-based reasoning. Hedonistic (preschool): Self-interest. Needs-based (early childhood): Recognizes others’ needs. Approval-based (middle childhood): Seeks social approval. Empathy-based (adolescence): Advanced empathy and concern for others.

Answer 16

Moral reasoning progresses through 3 levels: Pre-conventional (consequences), Conventional (social rules), and Post-conventional (universal ethical principles). Pre-conventional: Punishment/obedience, reward orientation. Conventional: Concordance orientation (good boy/good girl), social order orientation. Post-conventional: Social contract, universal ethical orientation. Criticism: Androcentric and Eurocentric bias, focuses on reasoning rather than actual behaviour.

Answer 17

Children develop from heteronomous morality (rules are fixed and must be followed) to autonomous morality (rules can be negotiated and based on fairness). 5-9 years: Moral realism, external responsibility, and imminent justice. 10+ years: Moral relativism, internal responsibility, and no imminent justice

Answer 18

Boys develop morality through the Oedipus complex, where castration anxiety leads to identification with the father and internalization of the superego. In girls, the Electra complex and penis envy lead to identification with the mother and a weaker superego.

Answer 19

society treats boys and girls differently (e.g., pink dresses for girls, toys for boys). Father's Role: Fathers are more gendered in their treatment than mothers, reinforcing sex-typed behaviours.

Answer 20

Basic Gender Identity (around 3 years): Understanding of being male or female. Gender Stability (4-5 years): Recognition that gender is consistent over time. Gender Constancy (6-7 years): Understanding that gender remains the same even with physical changes.

Answer 21

Gender Schema Theory- Gender identity drives children to adopt sex-typed behaviours. Children observe and learn gender roles in society, internalizing the cultural gender schema as a standard for behaviour. Sexual Orientation Development - Sexual drive increases in adolescence due to raised androgen levels. Sexual orientation is explored during adolescence, with debate over biological vs. childhood shaping influences on sexual orientation

Answer 22

A mature self-identity is possible only if an individual experiences several crises, finally arriving at a stage of commitment.

Answer 23

Gene-Environment Interaction: Genotype and environment interact to shape development (e.g., phenylketonuria). Canalization: Some traits (e.g., language) are genetically determined, while others (e.g., reading) are more influenced by the environment. Types of G-E Interaction: Passive, evocative, and active interactions shape a child's development, influencing behaviors and choices over time.

Answer 24

Lindemann's Stages: Initial shock, sadness, anger, and resolution after a loss. Parkes' 5 Stages: Alarm, numbness, pining, depression, and reorganization (recovery). Grief Process: Mourning influenced by cultural norms, resolving grief over time.

Answer 25

Homogamous Mate Selection: People often pair with others from similar cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Equity Theory: Relationships are based on a cost-benefit analysis, considering both partners' contributions. Reinforcement Theory: Partners are chosen for the rewards and reinforcement they provide, enhancing attraction.

Answer 26

Midlife Transition & Crisis Midlife Transition: Occurs around age 40-45, often linked to realizing mortality, unmet goals, or changes like menopause or children leaving home. Empty Nest Distress: Feelings of loneliness when children leave home. Downshifting: Choosing a less stressful career for a more fulfilling life