NEUROANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Precentral gyrus (part of the frontal lobe) is

A

primary motor cortex. The representation of different body parts in this region is often termed as a homunculus

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2
Q

Postcentral gyrus (part of the parietal lobe)

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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3
Q

The lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) divides

insula

A

frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

The insula, regarded as the fifth lobe of the cerebrum = located deep in the Sylvian fissure.
Insula is = the seat of the Primary gustatory cortex.

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4
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,

A

executive functions of the human brain.

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5
Q
  • ? is the dominant hemisphere
A

The hemisphere contralateral to the dominant hand is the dominant hemisphere, mediates
language and speech functions

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6
Q

The planum temporale (superior temportal gyrus)

A

triangular region on the upper surface of the
superior temporal gyrus. It is important for language processing and is larger on the left than the right hemisphere in 65% brains

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7
Q

Limbic system/ Papez circuit

A

involved in
- mediation of emotional responses (through amygdala)
- influencing neuroendocrine responses (via hypothalamus)
- reward system regulation (via nucleus accumbens).
= considered to be evolutionarily older than the higher cortical centres.

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8
Q

Medial temporal structures

A

hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex.
Hippocampus = memory processes. few brain regions where the continuous production of new neurons
Amygdala = fear conditioning and emotional regulation

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9
Q

Basal Ganglia
(Group of gray matter nuclei forming the largest subcortical structure in the brain)

A
  • The planning and programming of movement
  • Include striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
  • pallidum (globus pallidus)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
  • receive crucial inputs from glutamatergic corticostriatal projection
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10
Q

Frontal eye fields are located

Are responsible for..

A
  • precentral sulcus at caudal end superior frontal gyrus
  • responsible for voluntary saccadic movements of eye
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11
Q

Primary auditory area located in?

A

Heschls gyri

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12
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognise faces

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13
Q

Deficit in parietal lobe functioning :
- Gerstmanns syndrome
- Balint syndtome

A

**- Gerstmanns syndrome: Lesion in Left inferior parietal lobe around angular gyrus
- agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, L-R disorientation
(sweaty german man, cant tell L from R, cant see fingers so salute hands, cant write cant do math)

- Balint syndtome :
bilateral damage to posterior parietal lobe
- optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultagnosia

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14
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

motor (motor cortex)
executive cortex (premortor cortext)
decision making (prefrontal)
working memory (prefrontal)
Language (broca)
inhibition and personalitry - orbitofrontal
saccadic eye movements- frontal eye fields.

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15
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Touch + Proprioception - somatosensory area
Visuospational processing- R parietal lobe
Praxix (dressing)
Somatognosia (awareness own body)
Reading, writing, naming- L parietal lobe

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16
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

Memory + Deductive reasoning - L temporal
Language comprehension - L temp
Auditory perception - L temp
affective prosody - R temp (loss converying emotions)
Face recognition (prosopagnosia)

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17
Q

Kluver Bucy syndrome

A

Bilateral lesions of anterior temporal lobe
- hyperorality
- placidity
- prosopagnosia (cant recognise faces)
- hypersexuality
- memory loss
associated with herpes enceph, trauma, picks

18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Perception visual sensation
lesions here = homonymous hemianopia

19
Q

Anton babinski syndrome

A

Cortical blindness
- denial of blindness despite evidence and confabulation of missing sensory input

20
Q

Hippocampus

A

Mainly involved in creation and recollection of declarative memory

21
Q

what area crucial for Reward circuit

A

Nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area

22
Q

Anterior commisure

A

Implicated in sexual orientation
connects two amygdala, pain and olfactory tracts

23
Q

Huntington

A
  • CAG repeat
  • neuronal loss in basal ganglia
24
Q

Basal ganglia involved in

A

Gating of initiation of voluntary movements

25
overactive caudate nucleus underactive caudate nucleus
- OCD overactive - ADHD underactive
26
Substantia nigra = nucleus in midbrain
dark black due to melanin (byproduct dopamine) - pars compacta = dopaminergic - pars reticula - GABA nergic
27
Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus = together - corpora quadrigemina
Superior colliculus - Eyes Inferior colliculus - Ears
28
Sleep is regulated through mononergic neurons in
Reticular formation in brain stem
29
Cerebellum divisions
anterior lobe- recieved proprioception from muscles and joints posterior lobe- motor info from cortex vermis- truncular musculature stability flocconodular lobe- balance
30
The components of the basal ganglia are as follows:
Striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens) Subthalamic nucleus Globus pallidus Substantia nigra (divided into pars compacta and pars reticulate)
31
caudate nucelus and striatum atrophy is seen in?
Huntingtons
32
Cause of parkinsons?
loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta
33
what structure has been associated with alzheimers disease?
nucleus basalis of meynert
34
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition characterised by ?
the triad of gait disturbance, dementia and urinary incontinence
35
expected to occur following damage to the dominant cerebral hemisphere?
Right-left disorientation
36
Alexia without agraphia infarct?
where is infarct? = Infarct to left PCA Dominant occipital lobe
37
locus coerealeus
part of ARAS deals with emotions + sleep wake
38
which area of brain most active when dreaming? also where is sleep activated?
pons THE PONS
39
what part of brain dysfunctional in autism?
hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis (+lower purkinje count in cerbellum)
40