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PSYCHOLOGY- key science skills Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology

A

psychology is defined as the scientific study of human mental states and behaviour.

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2
Q

what is pseudoscience

A

a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method

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3
Q

what is a theory in psychology and example

A

a theory is a proposition or set of principles that is used to explain something or make predictions about cause and effect. the man function being to explain and predict.
example= the theory that behaviour is learnt through interaction with the environment.

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4
Q

what is a model is psychology and example

A

a model is a representation of a concept, process, or behaviour, often made to simplify or make something easier to understand.
example= the multi-stone model of memory posits that we have a sensory, short-term, and long-term memory store.

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5
Q

what is the structure of a hypothesis and what should it include

A

I- independent variable and dependent variable
P- population
A- and
D- direction

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6
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the independent variable is the variable that is manipulated. we want to know its effect of on the dependent variable

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7
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

the dependent variable is the variable that is measured. we want to understand how it is affected by the independent variable.

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8
Q

what is an aim is psychology

A

an aim is a statement outlining the purpose of the investigation

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9
Q

what is the scientific method

A

the scientific method is a procedure used to obtain knowledge that involves hypothesis formulation, testing, and re-testing through processes of experimentation, observation, measurement and recording.

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10
Q

what is scientific research

A

ideas and theories generated through observation and experiment

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11
Q

what is non scientific research

A

ideas formed without empirical evidence or the use of scientific methods or principles.

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12
Q

what is the population in a hypothesis

A

the group of people that are the focus of the research to which findings from the sample can be generalised to

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13
Q

what is an experiment

A

an experiment is when a cause and effect relationship between two variables is measured in a controlled environment

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14
Q

what is a controlled experiment

A

a type of investigation that measures the casual relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable, whilst controlling for all other variables

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15
Q

what is an extraneous variable and give examples

A

any variable that is not the independent variable, but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable. examples include: time of day, participant interest in the topic at hand, demographic variables (gender or educational level) and setting/environment.

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16
Q

what is a control group

A

the group of participants who receive no experimental treatement or intervention to serve as a baseline for comparison.

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17
Q

what is a experimental group

A

the group of participants exposed to a manipulated independent variable.

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18
Q

what is a between-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition.

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19
Q

what is a within-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

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20
Q

what is a mixed-method design

A

an experimental design which combines different elements of within-subjects and between- subjects designs

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21
Q

what is a key feature of controlled experiments

A

aiming to ensure that the changes to the DV can be attributed to the IV rather than other variables

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22
Q

what is scientific research

A

scientific research is conducted with the aim of generalising its results to the population, rather than just the small number of participants who completed the experiment (the sample)

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23
Q

what does it mean to generalise

A

using a samples results to make conclusions about the wider research population

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24
Q

what does population mean

A

the group of people who are the focus of study and what which the sample is drawn

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25
Q

what is the sample/emperiment

A

a subset of the research population who participate in a study

26
Q

what are the set of requirements that you need in order to be able to generalise the results of your experiment

A

representative- meaning that any relative characteristics in the population should be reflected in the sample in the same proportions.

relatively large- the larger a sample is, the more likely that is is to be representative of the population

27
Q

what are the types of sampling

A
  • convenient sampling
  • random sampling
  • stratified sampling
28
Q

what is convenient sampling

A

refers to any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population

29
Q

what is random sampling

A

random sampling is when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

30
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

stratified sampling is a technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its stata (sub groups) are portionally represented in the sample.

31
Q

what is allocation

A

Once the sample has been chosen, the participants are divided into the different groups required in the study. This is known as allocation.

32
Q

what is extraneous variable

A

a variable that is not the independent variable, but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

33
Q

order effects

A

the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour

34
Q

what is a participant related variable

A

characteristics of a study’s participants that may effect its results

35
Q

what is an order effect

A

the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour

36
Q

what is the placebo effect

A

when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs.

37
Q

what are experimenter effects

A

when expectations of the researcher effects the results of an experiment

38
Q

what is a single-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which the participants are unaware of the experimental condition they have beeb allocated to.

39
Q

what is data

A

data is any information that is used within an investigation or is collected during an investigation

40
Q

what is primary data

A

data collected first-hand by a researcher

41
Q

what is secondary data

A

data sourced from others prior research

42
Q

what is qualitative data

A

data that is expressed non-numerically

43
Q

what is subjective data

A

data that relies on a researchers personal opinion or interpretation, subjective data is sometimes qualitative.

44
Q

what is objective data

A

data that is unbiased and not subject to personal opinion or interpretation, also being quantitative.

45
Q

what is accuracy

A

refers to how close a measurement is to the true value of the quality being measured.

46
Q

what is precision

A

precision refers to the consistency of measurements or assessments. A precise psychological measure produces similar results when repeated under consistent conditions, indicating a high level of reliability.

47
Q

what is a systematic error

A

consistent and predictable mistake or deviation, from the true value in measurements or observations. it occurs in a systematic and repeatable manner, impacting results consistently in the same direction.

48
Q

what are ethical concepts

A

ethical concepts refer to the broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research, practicing psychology , or when analysing a psychological issue or debate.

49
Q

what are the 5 ethical concepts

A
  • beneficence
  • integrity
    respect
  • justice
  • non- maleficence
50
Q

what is beneficence

A

refers to the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course action (maximising the benefits and ensuring that research and interventions have positive effects)

51
Q

what is integrity

A

Integrity, as an ethical concept, refers to the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. In various fields, including psychology, integrity is a fundamental value that guides ethical conduct. In the context of psychology, integrity encompasses honesty, transparency, and a commitment to ethical principles in professional practice, research, and interactions with clients or participants.

52
Q

what is respect

A

In psychology, the ethical concept of respect involves recognizing and valuing the inherent worth, autonomy, and dignity of individuals. It encompasses treating clients, research participants, and colleagues with fairness, cultural sensitivity, and empathy. Respecting confidentiality, maintaining professional boundaries, and avoiding discrimination are integral aspects of ethical behavior in psychology.

53
Q

what is justice

A

justice is the moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims- no unfair burden

54
Q

what is non-maleficence (no-harm principle

A

Non-maleficence emphasizes the ethical obligation to avoid causing harm intentionally and to strive to minimize potential harm when engaging in professional activities.

55
Q

what are ethical guidelines

A

include the procedures and principles used to ensure that participants are safe and respected

56
Q

what are the 6 ethical guidelines

A
  • withdrawal rights
  • use of deception
  • confidentiality
  • voluntary participation
  • debriefing
  • informed concent procedures
57
Q

what is confidentiality

A

refers to the privacy, protection, and security of participants personal information.

58
Q

what is the use of deception

A

act of intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of a study or procedure

59
Q

what is informed consent procedures

A

ensure that participants understand that the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks, (both physical and psychological), before agreeing to participate in the study

60
Q

what is debriefing

A

ensures that at the end of the experiment, the participants leaves understanding the experimental aim, results and conclusions. (at the end of every study)

61
Q

what is voluntary participation

A

ensures there is no coercion or pressure put on the participants to partake in an experiment and they freely choose to be involved.

62
Q
A

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