health and human kat 5

Question 1

what is infertility

Answer 1

the inability to conceive a pregnancy after 12 months or more regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

Question 2

what is medicare

Answer 2

medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme that provides free or subsidised treatment for all Australians through the public health system.

Question 3

what is fertilisation

Answer 3

Fertilisation- Fertilisation refers to the successful penetration of an ovum by a sperm causing a chemical reaction to take place making the ovum impenetrable to other sperm. The successful sperm loses its tail and only the head remains in the ovum. These two sex cells each with 23 chromosomes merge to produce a new cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes, the chromosomes contain all the information to form a new person.

Question 4

what are the stages of prenatal development

Answer 4

• the germinal stage
• the embryonic stage
• the foetal stage

Question 5

what are the key characteristics of the germinal stage

Answer 5

• fertilisation
• cell division
• blastocyst formation
• implantation
• development of the placenta

Question 6

what are the key characteristics of the embryonic stage

Answer 6

• formation of the nuetral tube
• development of the heart

Question 7

what are characteristics of the foetal stage

Answer 7

• rapid growth
• organ maturation
• development of senses

Question 8

what is the neonatal period

Answer 8

• the end of the umbilical cord is lost, birth weight is regained after the initial decrease, and adaption to new ways of respiration, circulation, digestion, removal of waste products and temperature are made.

Question 9

babies who are born with a low birth weight have a greater risk of

Answer 9

• poor health
• developing significant disabilities
• premature death
• more likely to need to be resuscitated
• require a longer period of hospitalisation after birth

Question 10

what happens when women smoke during pregnacy

Answer 10

• increase the risk of SIDS
• the risk of clef lip and/or clef palate
• may impact intellectual development
• it can also increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy
• miscarriage
• preterm birth
• problems with the placenta and premature and the membranes of the uterus.

Question 11

what is the placenta

Answer 11

the placenta is an organ that forms and grows from a layer of fertilised ovum. These specialised cells fully implant into the wall of the uterus about 12 days after the egg is fertilised. it provides nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal as well as endocrine and immune support.

Question 12

what are the adaptions for a baby coming out of the womb

Answer 12

• respiration
• circulation
• digestion and removal of waste
• temperature control

Question 13

what is the Apgar test and what is the acronym

Answer 13

the Apgar test is a simple diagnostic test that uses a 10-point score to determine neonatal wellbeing at birth.
A- Appearance (body colour
P- pulse
G- grimace (reflex irritability)
A- Activity (muscle tone)
R- respiration

Question 14

what are the principles of development

Answer 14

1. development requires change
2. early development is essential for later development
3. the pattern of development is orderly and predictable
4. development involves maturation and learning
5. growth and development are continuous
6. rates of development are unique

Question 15

what is 1- development requires change

Answer 15

development is linked to change, so if an individual is not changing then they are not development. these changes are seen in changes like body size, proportions and functions.

Question 16

what is 2- early development is essential for later development

Answer 16

as a child develops, they add to skills they have already gained, and the new skills become the basis for further mastery.

Question 17

what is 3- the pattern of development is orderly and predictable

Answer 17

the order in which we development specific milestones follows a predictable pattern. they are two laws of human development that influence the orderly predictable nature
- the cephalocaudal laws of development
- the proximodistal laws of development

Question 18

what is the cephalocaudal law of development

Answer 18

the direction of development that occurs from the top (head) down to the bottom (toes) of the body.

Question 19

what is the proximodistal law of development

Answer 19

the pattern of development that occurs from the centre (or inside) of the body and extends to the body’s extremities.

Question 20

what is 4 - development involves maturation and learning

Answer 20

maturation and learning are the two terms that refer to the journey that an individual takes to reach their full genetic potential.
- a four month-old cannot use language to communicate because their brain has not matured enough to allow the child to speak.

Question 21

what is 5- growth and development are continuous

Answer 21

development requires change, because individuals continue to change throughout the lifespan, development therefore continues.

Question 22

what is 6- rates of development are unique

Answer 22

each child is different and the rate at which individual children growth and develop and orderly and predictable.
- kids walk at different ages

Question 23

what are percentile charts

Answer 23

percentile charts are commonly used to assess the growth of infant and children. within each set, there is a chart for length, one for head circumference and one for weight.

Question 24

if a children has an early disadvantage how does this effect them?

Answer 24

children who are vulnerable are more likely to develop problems with health, development, learning and behaviours.

Question 25

how does negative exeperiences affect a baby

Answer 25

negative experiences such as neglect and abuse, on the other hand, affect brain development in more harmful ways, and contribute to emotional and behavioural problems later in life.

Question 26

what are early life experience that cause disadvantages

Answer 26

• lack of income
• geographical setting
• lack of knowledge from the parents

Question 27

what are the behaviour factors that influence a children’s future health

Answer 27

• diet
• physical activity
• play
• immunisation

Question 28

what are the genetic factors that influence a children’s future health

Answer 28

• gender
• genetic inheritance
• genetic predisposition

Question 29

what are the sociocultural factors that affect a child’s future health

Answer 29

• culture
• housing
• socioeconomic status
• parenting styles
• family values
• parental health

Question 30

how does lack of socialisation affect the future health of a child

Question 31

why is education good for the future health of a child

Answer 31

school provides the opportunities for children to learn and grow academically and socially, and lays critical foundations for a productive and healthy adult life. as such, maintaining regular school attendance and participation is essential. school attendance also contributes to the development of social skills and healthy self-esteem.

Question 32

how does vaccination affect the future health of a child

Answer 32

getting vaccinated can reduce the risk of certain infectious diseases. this can mean that children are less likely to experience the symptoms associated with these diseases.

Question 33

how does a healthy diet in infancy affect the future health of a child

Answer 33

a healthy diet provides energy for physical activity. this can assist in maintaining a healthy body weight. those with a healthy body weight in early life are more likely to have a healthy body weight later in life.