Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

school > psych- AOS2 > Flashcards

psych- AOS2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is attention

A

refer to actively focusing on particular information while simultaneously ignoring other information. This includes ignoring internal and external stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 types of attention

A
  • sustained
  • divided
  • selective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is sustained attention and give example

A

sustained attention refers to focusing on one stimuli or task across a prolonged or continuous period of time. It makes it possible to concentrate in order to complete a set task or to attend to something for a specific period of time.
- holding a conversation with someone for a few minutes
- shopping for a perfect pair of shoes online
- watching an episode of a TV series or watching a movie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is selective attention and give an example

A

selective attention involves exclusively focusing attention on a specific stimuli or task while ignoring all other stimuli or tasks.
- being at a crowded party (focusing on the conversation)
- reading a book (in a busy coffee shop and concentrating on the words and storyline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is divided attention and give example

A

divided attention involves distributing one’s attention to allow for the processing of two or more stimuli at the same time.
- driving the car and talking on the phone at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is visual perception

A

Visual perception refers to the brain’s ability to make sense of what the eyes see.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is gustory perception

A

gustation is the technical term for the sense of taste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is top-down processing

A

top down processing is a cognitive process that starts with the brain’s expectations, knowledge, and prior experiences to interpret and make sense of sensory information.
- this involves using content, background information, and understanding to perceive and understand stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is bottom-up processing

A

bottom-up processing is a cognitive press that begins with sensory input, where perception starts with the incoming stimulus, building up to a final representation in the brain.
- starts with our sense picking up information from the environment. this sensory data is then put together to make sense of what we’re experiencing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is binocular depth cues

A

binocular depth cues require both eyes to send information to the brain to perceive depth. individuals with sight in only one eye are therefore unable to use these depth cues and thus will not be able to perceive depth to the same extent as someone using both eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two main binocular depth cues

A
  • convergence
  • retinal disparity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is convergence and give example

A

convergence involves the inward turning of the eyes which is detected by the brain as tension changes in the muscles surrounding the eye.
- the eye turn inwards to focus on objects that are close, this stronger muscle tension to keep it in focus.
the further away an object, the less inward turning of the eyes and less muscle tension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is rential disparity

A

Retinal disparity is the slight difference in the images seen by each eye due to their horizontal separation. This difference helps the brain perceive depth and three-dimensional structure, allowing us to judge the distance of objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are monocular depth cues

A

monocular depth cues require only one eye to send information to the brain to perceive depth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are psychological factors in visual perception

A
  • past experience
  • memory
  • motivation
  • context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is perceptual set

A

refers to a psychological framework that influences how individuals perceive sensory information. Each personals perceptual set is different and shapes how they perceive stimuli. It is informed by your past experiences and memory, your motivations, and the context in which you are experiencing the stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is past experience

A

the situations and events we have encountered throughout our lives prior to the present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is memory

A

the system that activity receives, organises, stores, and recovers information.
- Our memory is shaped by our experiences of the world, and it helps us understand how our world works.
- It plays an important role in our expectations of how the world should operate..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is motivation

A

Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented behaviours. Depending on our motivation, we will perceive certain stimuli that aligns with our gals as more salient than others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is context

A

Context is the situation, or condition in which something occurs. Content informs our perceptual set, affecting how stimuli are perceived including visual stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is percepual constancy

A

The mind’s ability to perceive a stimulus as being the same, constant even though they may look a little bit different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 3 types of perceptual constancy

A
  • size constancy
  • shape constancy
  • orientation constancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is shape constancy

A

Shape constancy occurs when an individual recognises that a stimulus actual shape remains the same despite changes in the shape of the retinal images sent to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is size constancy

A

Size constancy occurs when an individual recognised that a stimulus actual size remains the same despite changes in the information sent to the brain about the size of the stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is orientation constancy

A

Orientation constancy occurs when an individual recognised that a stimulus action orientation remains the same despite changes in the orientation of the retinal impacts sent to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are gestalt principles

A

A set of principles that explain how we interpret visual information by grouping separate visual stimuli together to create to perceive a whole project.

27
Q

what are the gestalt principles

A
  • figure ground
  • closure
  • similarity
  • proxtimity
28
Q

what is figure ground

A

The gestalt principle of figure-ground describes the tendency to perceive part of a visual stimulus as more relevant (the figure) and standing out against its less relevant surroundings (the ground). The line of separation between the figure and the ground is termed the contour, and it helps to differentiate the figure from the ground.

29
Q

what is closure

A

The gestalt principle of closure refers to our ability to close up, fill in or ignore gaps in visual stimuli and perceive objects as a meaningful whole. It helps us to perceive incomplete stimuli, potentially reducing the mental effect required.

30
Q

what is similarity

A

The gestalt principle of similarity holds that we tend to group together as a whole any stimuli that are alike in size, shape of colour.

31
Q

what is proxtimity

A

The gestalt principle of proximity is the tendency to perceive the parts of a visual stimulus that are close together, rather than spaced far apart, as belonging to a group.

32
Q

what are visual allusions

A

Visual illusions are images or visual tricks that deceive the brain into seeing something different from reality. They exploit how our visual system processes information, often revealing insights into the workings of perception.

33
Q

what is the muller-lyer illusion

A

the muller-lyer illusion is the misinterpretation of two line of equal length, each with different-shaped ends.
- one line has arrowheads at each end of the line, while the other line has feather tails at each end.

34
Q

what is the carpented-world hypothesis

A

the carpented-work hypothesis suggests that the perception of the two lines is influenced by one’s familiarity with modern, western building designs (regular rectangular shapes and right angles. people who have grown up in cultures in which society is restricted by rectangular internal walls, as it common with modern, western building design, are more likely to perceive the muller-lyer illusion.

35
Q

what is apparent theory

A

the aparent theory states that if two objects cast the same-sized retinal image, but one is perceived to be further away, our brain interprets the more distance object as being larger.
The apparent distance theory suggests that visual illusions, such as the Müller-Lyer illusion, occur because our brains interpret certain visual cues as indicators of depth and distance.

36
Q

what is the conclusion of both evaluations

A

Both the carpentered-world theory and the apparent distance theory are limited in explaining the muller-lyer illusion. This Is because the illusion persists even if the feathertail and arrowheads are replaced with differently shaped ends.

37
Q

what is agnosia

A

a brain disorder involving inability to recognise a familiar stimuli through the use of one or more sense, depsite the sense functioning normally otherwise.

38
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

visual agnosia is commonly associated with brain lesions that occur in the parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe as these areas of the brain are to do with the visual processing of the brain.

39
Q

what are the 3 types of visual agnosia

A
  • apperceptive visual agnosia
  • associative visual agnosia
  • prosopagnosia
40
Q

what is apperceptive visual agnosia

A

an inability to recognise familiar visual stimuli due to problems with processing perceptions.

41
Q

what are symptoms of apperceptive visual agnosia

A
  • difficulty recognising objects by sign (even though vision remains to be intact).
  • problems with copying or drawing objects
  • inability to distinguish shapes and patterns
42
Q

what are the causes of apperceptive visual agnosia

A

apperceptive visual agnosia is a neurological disoder that is typically caused by brain injury, particularly of the parietal and occipital lobes. common causes of brain injury include physical injury, dementia and other degenerative brain diseases.

43
Q

what is an example of what something does with apperceptive visual agnosia

A
  • a person with apperceptive visual agnosia may look at a dinner plate and not be able to recognise it as a ‘dinner plate’.
  • if you asked then what a dinner plate what, they could describe it to you, but if you showed them a picture of a dinner plate, they could not tell you what it is.
44
Q

what is associative visual agnosia

A

associate visual agnosia refers to the condition where individuals can perceive and describe visual stimuli but cannot associate them with their meaning.

45
Q

what are symptoms of associative visual agnosia

A
  • ability to copy or draw objects accurately.
  • ability to describe the shape, colour and structure of an object- but cannot identify it.
  • difficulty in recognising familiar objects.
46
Q

what are causes of visual agnosia

A

associative is often associated with lesions in the temporal lobe.

47
Q

what is an example of associative visual agnosia

A

individuals cannot copy or draw a replicant image because they cannot form a coherent visual perception, as well as cant form a stable perception of the object nor recognise.

48
Q

what is prosopagnosia

A

involves the inability to recognise the faces of familiar people, despite having no memory dysfunction, memory loss or impaired visual sensation.
- prosopagnosia tends to be congenital, and it has been associated with developmental differences

49
Q

what are biological factors that affect gustation

A
  • age
  • genetics
  • illness
  • pregnancy
50
Q

what does age refer to?

A

a taste bud only lasts approx 10 days, but they are regenerated regularly. Early in life, this regeneration occurs quickly, with children having a larger number of functional taste buds compared to adults of any age. Over the life span, however, regeneration slows, so that by the time a person reaches old age, their taste buds do not regenerate fast enough to replace the ones they lose.

51
Q

what does genetics refer to?

A

A quarter of all people are born with more than the average number of taste buds, while a further quarter are born with fewer than the average number. The number of taste buds we have changes how bitter or sweet a food tastes, which accounts in part for the significant diversity in how we perceive taste. Depending on our genetics and our age, we are likely to have a different number of taste buds to someone else, and our number of taste buds will change as we age.

52
Q

what does illness refer to?

A

Loss of taste is a very common symptom of a viral infection (cold, flu, or covid-19). However, while it may seem like your taste buds are to blame, the problem is your sense of smell. If your sense of small is reduced, such as from a blocked nose, your brain is not receiving the full range of sensations that combine to give food its flavour. As a result, your food might taste bland, or even totally different.

53
Q

what does pregnancy/hormones refer to?

A

People who are pregnant are very sensitive to smells and tastes. Research has found that there can be a biological change in taste during pregnancy (ie. Increase bitter or decreased sweet response). A large number of biological factors are affecting a person’s body during pregnancy, including changes in weight and immune system functionality. Therefore, this is an interesting area in need of further research.

54
Q

what are the psychological factors that affect gustation

A
  • past experience
  • emotion
  • product packaging
55
Q

what does past experience refer to?

A

Our past experiences of a food stimulus shape how we perceive that or similar food stimuli in the future. For example:
- If you grew up eating a dish prepared in a certain way (spaghetti bolognaise), then you will probably base your perception of other spaghetti bolognaise dishes on your experience with that dish.

56
Q

what does emotion refer to?

A

Our emotional reaction to tastes is closely related to our past experiences with them. for example:
eating a dish that was a favourite as a child may give a nostalgic feeling of happiness. Each time you eat that dish, the associated feeling of happiness can influence your taste perception, making it more positive
You may also notice that your emotions can make you crave certain tastes. For example:
- If you are in a tired or dreary mood, this can make us crave ‘comfort food’.

57
Q

what does product packaging refer to?

A

Our perceptual response to the taste of food stimuli is also influenced by their packaging. This is an area of intense research, as there is a lot of money at stake for food and beverage manufactures. It has proved that branding and packaging can trigger our perceptual sets and emotions, thereby influencing how we perceive a products taste. For example:
- It was found that when yoghurt containers were heavier, people perceived the yoghurt to be more filling.
- Children have more positive experience with foods that have cartoons on the packaging.

58
Q

what are the social factors that affect gustation

A
  • food culture
  • historical experiences
  • song lines
59
Q

what does food culture refer to?

A

Culture is the many characteristics of a group of people, including their attitudes, behaviours, customs and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Food culture is therefore the attitudes, behaviours, customs and values around food with which we were raised.

60
Q

what does historical experiences refer to?

A

A country’s food culture is largely shaped by its history.

 In Cambodia, crickets have been over a thousand years and have historically been an important source of protein for poor, rural communities. This practice does not exist in the European countries that initially shaped Australian culture after colonisation, so insect consumption is not part of the mainstream food culture in this country.

61
Q

what does songlines refer to?

A

The interweaving of food and culture is also apparent in the cultures of Aboriginal and Torres strait islander peoples. Song lines contain the memories and knowledge of Aboriginal peoples. Some song lines mark walking routes, connecting important sites and locations, sometimes over distances of thousands of kilometres.

62
Q

what is apperceptive agnosia

A

an inability to recognise familiar visual stimuli due to problems with processing

63
Q

what is associative visual agnosia

A

an inability to recognise familiar visual stimuli, despite having no problems with processing perceptions.

64
Q

what is prospoagnosia

A

an inability to recognise the faces of familiar people. people with this condition can see and describe facial features but cannot identify familiar faces. prospoanosia can be characterised as apperceptive and associative agnosia.

school (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions