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musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A

body movement, framework, protection, mineral storage and blood cell protection.

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2
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

Your axial skeleton is made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest

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3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Your appendicular skeleton is made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton

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4
Q

what are the 5 sections of the vertebral column, stating the numbers.

A

cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumber vertebrae (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused)

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5
Q

what does the vertebral column protect?

A

the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, as well as the heart and the lungs in association with the ribs. in the first 3 sections of the vertebral column the vertebrae is separated by the cartilage discs

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6
Q

what type of bones do we have in the skeletal system?

A

short bones, long bones, seasmoid bones, flat bones and irregular bones.

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7
Q

what are the characteristics and examples of short bones?

A

they are roughly cubical and have the same height and width. the carpals of the wrist or the tarsals are examples.

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8
Q

what are the characteristics and examples of long bones?

A

these bones are longer than they are wide. examples of long bones are the femur, radius and humerus.

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9
Q

what are the characteristics and examples of sesamoid bones?

A

A sesamoid bone is a small bone that is commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces. an example of this is the patella.

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10
Q

what are the characteristics and examples of flat bones?

A

flat bones provide flat areas for muscle attachment and usually protect organs. an example of flat bones include the ribs, sternum and and scapula.

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11
Q

what are the characteristics and examples of irregular bones?

A

irregular bones have no regular shape characteristics. an examples for an irregular bones is the vertebrae.

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12
Q

how does activity affect the skeleton?

A
  • weight-bearing activity (running, jumping etc) increases your bone mass (increases length and width)
  • too much or too little weight bearing activity throughout life can have a negative impact on bone development.
  • low bone density can be an issue later in life and is known as osteoporosis.
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13
Q

connective tissue plays an important role in the function of both the skeletal and muscular systems. there are 3 types of connective tissue, what are they?

A

cartilage, ligaments and tendons.

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

tough and fibrous connective tissue that is located at the end of bones and between joints. it protects bones by absorbing the impact experienced in the movements such as jumping and acts as a shock absorber throughout your body.

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of ligaments?

A

ligaments joint bone to bone, by proving stability at the joints, preventing dislocation of bones. it is a dense type of tissue.

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of tendons?

A

tendons are soft tissues that join muscles to bones. when a muscle contracts to move a joint, it is the tendon which pulls on the bone allowing movement to occur.

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17
Q

what are the 3 main types of joints?

A

synovial joints, cartilaginous and fibrous

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18
Q

what are characteristics of synovial joints?

A

synovial joints are freely moveable, as they move freely in at least one direction: knee, shoulder and hip.

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19
Q

what are characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A

cartilaginous joints that are slightly moveable, that allow small movements: vertebrae.

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20
Q

what are characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

fibrous joints are fixed or immovable. they are joints that offer no movement: skull, pelvis and the sternum.

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21
Q

what are the types of synovial joints?

A

there are 6 types of synovial joints including, the pivot joint, gliding joint, ball and socket joint, hinge joint, saddle joint and condyloid joint.

22
Q

what are characteristics of the pivot joint?

A

a freely moveable joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. an example of this is the atlas and axis (top vertebrae: the neck)

23
Q

what are the characteristics of the gliding joints?

A

the gliding joint is made up of two bones that meet on a flat or nearly flat articular surface. the bones to glide past one other in any direction along the joint plane, including up and down, right and left, and diagonally. an example of this joint is the carpals and tarsals.

24
Q

what are the characteristics of the ball and socket joint?

A

A ball and socket joint is a movable joint where one bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone. it involves movement such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation. an example of this is the shoulder and hip joint.

25
Q

what are the characteristics of the hinge joint?

A

the hinge joint is a uniaxial joint that only allows the movements of flexion and extension. an example of this is the knee and elbow.

26
Q

what are the characteristics of the saddle joint?

A

occurs where concave and convex bone surfaces align. they are generally biaxial means that a joint can move along two planes of motion. movements that allow are flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction. examples of this joint is the carpal bone of the thumb.

27
Q

what are the characteristics of the condyloid joint?

A

the condyloid joint is very similar to a hinge joint, but also allows a slight rotation, hence is biaxial. the movements made are flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, abduction and circumduction. example of this joint is the wrist.

28
Q

show the movement of abduction and adduction

A
29
Q

show the movement of lateral rotation and medial rotation

A
30
Q

show the movement of supination and pronation

A
31
Q

show the movement of cicumduction

A
32
Q

show the movement of plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

A
33
Q

show the movement of eversion and inversion

A
34
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the muscular system

A

body movement, adequate posture and essential bodily functions.

35
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

smooth, cardiac and skeletal.

36
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?

A

smooth muscles are found within hollow organs, such as in the stomach and around the body apart form the heart. these muscles fatigue more slowly than the skeletal muscles. these muscles are involuntary as they are done without conscious control.

37
Q

what is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

this type of muscle is only found in the heart, and fatigues very slowly. this muscle type is also involuntary.

38
Q

what is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle tissue is the muscles connected to the skeleton and they allow to movement. these muscles are voluntary, as they are muscles that you choose to move.

39
Q

what is the motor unit?

A

the motor unit is the motor neuron + the muscle fibres it stimulates = the motor unit. one motor neuron may stimulate thousands of muscle fibres for gross movements.

40
Q

what is the origin?

A

the origin is located at the proximal end (closer to the body’s midline). the origin is the fixed point and doesn’t move during contraction. examples of origin is the clavicle and the sternum.

41
Q

what is insertion?

A

insertion is located at the distal end. it is the more mobile bone, during contraction the origin, the origin and insertion are drawn closer together by contracting muscle.`an example for the insertion, is the bicep insertion that appears at the elbow.

42
Q

what is the agonist?

A

this muscle is responsible for the major movement. the muscle that is the largest, most superficial muscle crossing the joint in motion, and is concentrically contracting or shortening the length of the muscle

43
Q

what is the antagonist?

A

the antagonist is the muscle located opposite to the agonist and will gradually relax as the agonist contracts. this ensures that the movement is co-ordinated.

44
Q

what is the synergist?

A

this muscles is an assistant to the agonist

45
Q

what is the stabiliser?

A

this muscle stabilises the joint whole the agonist and antagonist do their job.

46
Q

what is the process of the agonist contracting and its opposite muscle, the antagonist relaxing?

A

this is called reciprocal inhibition.

47
Q

what is the all or nothing principle

A

the all or nothing principle

48
Q

what is the all or nothing principle

A

the all or nothing principle

49
Q

what are the 3 muscle fibre types?

A

type 1, type 2A and type 2B

50
Q

what are characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres?

A
  • they contain large amounts of myoglobin, and numbers of mitochondria and blood capillaries. they have a slow twitch meaning the muscles use energy slowly and fairly evenly to make it last a long time. they break down ATP (energy for muscles) for an extended period of time and are suited for endurance events.
51
Q

what are the characteristics of type 2A muscle fibres?

A

type 2A muscle fibres have a fast twitch oxidative, meaning they fire more quickly and use aerobic respiration and contain a high amount of oxygen, myoglobin and mitochondria, but they break down ATP quickly and therefore contract quickly.

52
Q

what are the characteristics of type 2B muscle fibres?

A

type 2B muscle fibres have low levels of myoglobin, mitochondria and blood capillaries. instead they have large amounts of gylcogen and can breakdown ATP (energy for muscles) at a rapid rate as the ATP (energy for muscles) is broken down without oxygen. these fibres fatigue quickly and are suited to high intensity, short duration activity. some examples are heavy weight training and 100 metre sprints.

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