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psych- obedience and conformity Flashcards

1
Q

information that determines our person perception can be provided in two ways:

A
  • directly
  • indirectly
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2
Q

what is through directly?

A

information that is provided from the person we are judging, for example through observing them or interacting with them.

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3
Q

what is through indirectly?

A

through hearing about the person we are judging from another person or source, for example through a friend or reading about someone online.

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4
Q

what is an attribution?

A

An attribution is an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation. We can say we have made an attribution once we have decided on a potential cause for our own or someone else’s actions.

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of attribution

A
  • internal (personal)
  • external
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6
Q

how is interval attributions caused? give an example

A

occurs when we judge behaviour as being caused by something personal within an individual.
- age
- gender
- motivation

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7
Q

how is external attributions caused? give an example

A

Occurs when we determine the cause of a behaviour as resulting from situational factors occurring outside the individual. (out of their control)
- The environment a person is in when they produce a behaviour (e.g at home or at a concert)
- Events that the individual has experienced beyond their control (ranging from things like emergencies to the actions of another person).

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8
Q

what is fundamental attribution error

A

Refers to our tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors. This can lead to cognitive bias and influence how we perceive that individual overall.

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9
Q

what is actor observer bias

A

Refers to our tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet attribute others behaviour to internal factors.

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10
Q

what is self- serving bias

A

When judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our success and deny responsibility for failure, which is blamed on external, situational factors.

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11
Q

what is the criteria for attitude formation

A
  • evaluation
  • being settled and stable
  • learnt through experience
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12
Q

what are attitudes

A
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13
Q

what is an example of an attitude

A

feeling strongly about pinapple on pizza, whereas someone else amy care less about their pizza topping.

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14
Q

what is the tri-component model of attidues

A

Affective- refers to our emotions and intuitive feelings towards something, reflected in our attitude.
‘I like school.’

Behavioural- describes our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something.
‘I try my best at school.’

Cognitive- involves our thoughts and beliefs towards something.
‘I know working hard at school will help me get the results that I need for the future.

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15
Q

what is cognitive dissonance

A

This occurs when out thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours do not align with one another. cognitive dissonance often occurs when we act in a way that contradicts our beliefs.

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16
Q

how do you reduce cognitive dissonance

A
  • changing your thought to align with your behaviours
  • changing your behaviours to align with your thoughts.
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17
Q

what is a cognitive bias

A

cognitive biases are used to reduce dissonance. Instead of following logic individuals distort information to think about it in a way that is preferable to them, thereby avoiding or reducing cognitive dissonance.

18
Q

what are the cognitive biases

A
  • conformation bias
  • halo effect
  • false- consensus bias
19
Q

what is confirmation bias and give example

A

the tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs.

Example:
* Aida may refuse to receive a vaccine as she holds the belief that they are dangerous to her health. She is likely to seek out more information that supports her initial beliefs, such as rate cases of negative vaccine side effects.

20
Q

what is the halo effect and give example

A

Halo effect- the tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects.
Example
* Beth starts dating a guy named harry who was really funny when they first met because harry was funny, Beth believes that is also adventurous, outgoing and kind. She will ignore all areas of him showing negative characteristics, because she has an impression of him showing positive characteristics.

21
Q

what is false-consensus bias and give example

A

False consensus bias- the tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do.

Example
* when someone who loves jogging assumes that most of their friends and colleagues also enjoy jogging. They might be surprised to learn that many people in their social circle actually dislike jogging or prefer other forms of exercise

21
Q

what is self-serving bias and give example

A

Self- serving bias- the tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute out failures to external factors.
Fail- blame on external environment
Success- blame on internal factors.

Example
* when a student receives a high grade on a test and attributes it to their hard work and intelligence (internal attribution). However, if the same student gets a low grade on another test, they might blame the difficulty of the test or the teacher’s unfair grading (external attribution).

22
Q

what is actor- observer bias and give example

A

Actor observer bias- the tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and situational causes while attributing other people’s actions to internal factors.
Our behaviour- due to external environment
Other people- due to internal factors.

Example
* when a person arrives late to a meeting and blames it on external factors, like heavy traffic or a delayed train (external attribution). However, when someone else arrives late to the same meeting, they might think that person is irresponsible or disorganized (internal attribution).

23
Q

what is heuristics

A

Heuristics are information processing strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’ that enable individuals to form judgements, make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently.
 Considered to be intuitive rapid and automatic processes that develop over time as a result

24
Q

what is prejudice

A

Prejudice is a prejudgement that you make about others before interacting with them, and it happens when stereotypes become beliefs.

25
Q

what is discrimination

A

Discrimination is the unjust treatment of people due to their membership with a certain social category. It is the behaviour that results from stereotyping and prejudice.

26
Q

what is direct discrimination and give example

A

when someone is openly treated unfairly because of their association with a particular group, or because they possess a particular characteristic.
example- not hiring someone as they are an immigrant and you assume that they don’t speak english fluently.

27
Q

what is indirect discrimination and give example

A

occurs when a practice or blanket rule applies to all people and unfairly disadvantages a group or person as a result.
example- having only stair access to classrooms at a school disadvantages people with a physical disability.

28
Q

what is stigma

A

Stigma is the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual caused by being stereotyped, and the resulting prejudice and discrimination that comes from that.

29
Q

what are the ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination

A
  • eudcation
  • intergroup-contact
  • social media
  • laws
30
Q

what is obedience

A

refers to complying with commands which are often given by a source of authority.

31
Q

what is blind obedience

A

Blind obedience is when individuals obey a powerful figure to the extent of taking part in activities they normally wouldn’t as they know they are wrong.

32
Q

what is an example of constructive obedience

A

citerzens adhering to laws

33
Q

what is an example of destructive obedience

A

soliders obeying to harm innocent civilians and nurses.

34
Q

what are the factors that affect obedience

A
  1. status of the authority figure
  2. proximity- physical and emotional
    3- group pressure
35
Q

what is conformity

A

conformity is adjusting one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours to match those of others, a social group, or a social situation.

36
Q

what are reasons for conforming?

A
  • social norms
  • group shit
  • group think
  • deindividuation
37
Q

what is group shift

A

the idea that, the more influential a group that we belong to is, the more likely we are to conform to them.

38
Q

what is group think

A

when the group we belong to has a unanimous decision/perspective (they all agree). We are more likely to conform, regardless of influentially.

39
Q
A

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