Psychology -Chapter 9

Question 1

motives

Answer 1

hypothetical internal states propel an organism towards goals, needs/drives/ & incentives

Question 2

need

Answer 2

state of deprivation

physiological: food/ H2O/sleep, must be met to survive
psychological: achievements/ power/ belongings/self-esteem, for well-being

Question 3

evolutionary perspective for motivation

Answer 3

types of motivation
-self-protection, mating, relationship maintenance & prenatal care, group membership, & memetic motivation(religon)

Question 4

drive- reduction theory

Answer 4

organisms learn to engage in behaviours that have the effect of reducing drives

Question 5

primary drives

Answer 5

thirst, hunger, pain, these all trigger tension & subsequently learned behaviours

Question 6

acquired drive

Answer 6

drive for money, & social approval

Question 7

homeostasis in motivation

Answer 7

when we fill the motivation we lose the motivation, because there’s a balance

Question 8

stimulus motives

Answer 8

organisms seek to increase stimulation

Question 9

humanistic theory

Answer 9

motivation by conscience desire for personal growth, capacity for self-actualization (fulfilling unique potential), the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 10

hunger influence: signals of satiety

Answer 10

1) chewing & swallowing
2) stomach fullness
3) blood sugar levels
4) leptin levels in the blood

Question 11

signals of hunger

Answer 11

1) hunger pains
2) blood sugar levels
3) ghrelin

Question 12

hypothalamus in motivation

Answer 12

ventromedial nucleus- stop eating centre

lateral hypothalamus- start eating centre

Question 13

psychological hunger influences

Answer 13

food aromas, social factors, depression, anxiety, boredom

Question 14

obesity factors

Answer 14

biological: heredity, metabolism
psychological: observational, stress, emotional state

Question 15

eating disorders factors

Answer 15

biological: genetics, neurological differences
psychological: the role of eating & dieting, child abuse
sociocultural: the idealization of thin females

Question 16

activating effects in sexual motivation

Answer 16

sex hormones fuel the drive

Question 17

organizing effects in sexual motivation

Answer 17

directional effects from hormones, masculine/ feminine

Question 18

sexual response cycle

Answer 18

1) excitement
2) plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution

Question 19

sexual orientation origins theory

Answer 19

environmental influences: reinforcement, observational learning
genetic factors: an increased coincidence of sexuality in identical twins
sex hormones: precedence of testosterone may regulate sexual motivation

Question 20

extrinsic motives

Answer 20

rewards, money/ praise

Question 21

intrinsic motives

Answer 21

meeting goals, self-satisfaction, feeling of mastery

Question 22

expression of emotions in a culture

Answer 22

vary between cultures, different rules of public & private emotional display

Question 23

positive psychology

Answer 23

focus on personal well-being, satisfaction, joy, sexual pleasure, happiness, & future optimism

Question 24

factors to positive psychology

Answer 24

genetics, social relationships, geographical location, religion, attitude, bias towards optimism

Question 25

James Lange theory of emotion

Answer 25

external stimuli trigger patterns of arousal & behavioural responses

Question 26

Cannon-Band theory

Answer 26

emotions accompany bodily responses

Question 27

theory of cognitive appraisal

Answer 27

the way we label our emotions depends on our own appraisal of the situation