Psychology Chapter 6

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the process that info is encoded, stored, & retrieved

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

changing info so it can be placed into memory

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

maintenance of info over time

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

locating stored info and retrieving in consciousness

Question 5

recognition

Answer 5

using currently presented info to retrieve identical info from memory

Question 6

recall

Answer 6

retrieving info from memory without cues available in recognition tasks

Question 7

relearning

Answer 7

the tendency to learn info faster the second time it’s presented

Question 8

Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 8

1) sensory memory- forget through decay
2) short-term memory- forget by displacement
3) long-term memory- forget by retrieval

Question 9

the first stage of memory?

Answer 9

sensory memory- holds images briefly, memory decays quick

Question 10

Iconic memory

Answer 10

visual stimuli of an “icon”, decay quick, replaced with new incoming stimuli, the first stage of memory

Question 11

Echoic memory

Answer 11

the mental representation of sound, with auditory stimuli, “echoes”, last longer than icons, the first stage of memory

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

short-term memory held briefly, rehearsal allows it to be maintained for longer

Question 13

serial position effect

Answer 13

recall first & last items in a series more accurately than middle items

Question 14

chunking grouping

Answer 14

taking multiple pieces of information and putting them into wholes expands STM capacity

Question 15

interference

Answer 15

appearance of new info into the STM interferes with additional info

Question 16

Long-term memory

Answer 16

ultimate storehouse of info, capacity is unlimited, the duration is permanent, recall is a reconstruction

Question 17

Explicit memory

Answer 17

memory for specific info and knowledge, “declaritive memory”

Question 18

episodic memory

Answer 18

things that have happened to a person

Question 19

semantic memory

Answer 19

the memory of info, acquired by a person

Question 20

Implicit memory

Answer 20

the memory of info thats in LTM but can’t be clearly expressed, “non- declarative”

Question 21

retrospective memory

Answer 21

the memory of past events

Question 22

prospective memory

Answer 22

memory to perform an act in the future

Question 23

schema

Answer 23

beliefs, expectations, influence our perceptions

Question 24

retrieval of info

Answer 24

from LTM, reconstructed based on what happens in the world

Question 25

flashbulb memories

Answer 25

remember distinctive & emotionally stunning thoughts,

Question 26

context-dependent

Answer 26

retrieval of info is easier when a person is in the same context in which the memory was originally acquired

Question 27

state-dependant

Answer 27

retrieval of info is easier when a person is in the same biological or emotional state that the memory was acquired

Question 28

forgetting

Answer 28

due to encoding failure, delay of memory, & multi-tasking

Question 29

retroactive interference

Answer 29

new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

Question 30

proactive interference

Answer 30

older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material

Question 31

repression

Answer 31

ejection of painful memories & unacceptable urges from conscious awareness

Question 32

dissociative awareness

Answer 32

may result from psychological trauma

Question 33

recovered awareness

Answer 33

controversial not sure if they are real or “pseudomemories”

Question 34

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 34

certain info is in memory but can’t retrieve it

Question 35

anterograde amnesia

Answer 35

unable to remember events that occur after physical trauma

Question 36

retrograde amnesia

Answer 36

unable to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma

Question 37

engram

Answer 37

the assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace

Question 38

neural activity in memory

Answer 38

LTM neurons fire more after repeated stimulation, neurotransmitters and hormones play a role in memory

Question 39

hippocampus

Answer 39

in the limbic system, the formation of new memories, storing info and relaying info

Question 40

amygdala

Answer 40

in the limbic system, responsible for emotional memory

Question 41

thalamus

Answer 41

formation of verbal memories

Question 42

cerebellum

Answer 42

responsible for the creation & storage of implicit memories

Question 43

prefrontal cortex

Answer 43

ability to represent & be aware of past/present/ & future events