Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards
midterm study
memory
the process that info is encoded, stored, & retrieved
encoding
changing info so it can be placed into memory
storage
maintenance of info over time
retrieval
locating stored info and retrieving in consciousness
recognition
using currently presented info to retrieve identical info from memory
recall
retrieving info from memory without cues available in recognition tasks
relearning
the tendency to learn info faster the second time it’s presented
Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory
1) sensory memory- forget through decay
2) short-term memory- forget by displacement
3) long-term memory- forget by retrieval
the first stage of memory?
sensory memory- holds images briefly, memory decays quick
Iconic memory
visual stimuli of an “icon”, decay quick, replaced with new incoming stimuli, the first stage of memory
Echoic memory
the mental representation of sound, with auditory stimuli, “echoes”, last longer than icons, the first stage of memory
Working memory
short-term memory held briefly, rehearsal allows it to be maintained for longer
serial position effect
recall first & last items in a series more accurately than middle items
chunking grouping
taking multiple pieces of information and putting them into wholes expands STM capacity
interference
appearance of new info into the STM interferes with additional info
Long-term memory
ultimate storehouse of info, capacity is unlimited, the duration is permanent, recall is a reconstruction
Explicit memory
memory for specific info and knowledge, “declaritive memory”
episodic memory
things that have happened to a person
semantic memory
the memory of info, acquired by a person
Implicit memory
the memory of info thats in LTM but can’t be clearly expressed, “non- declarative”
retrospective memory
the memory of past events
prospective memory
memory to perform an act in the future
schema
beliefs, expectations, influence our perceptions
retrieval of info
from LTM, reconstructed based on what happens in the world
flashbulb memories
remember distinctive & emotionally stunning thoughts,
context-dependent
retrieval of info is easier when a person is in the same context in which the memory was originally acquired
state-dependant
retrieval of info is easier when a person is in the same biological or emotional state that the memory was acquired
forgetting
due to encoding failure, delay of memory, & multi-tasking
retroactive interference
new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning
proactive interference
older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material
repression
ejection of painful memories & unacceptable urges from conscious awareness
dissociative awareness
may result from psychological trauma
recovered awareness
controversial not sure if they are real or “pseudomemories”
tip of the tongue phenomenon
certain info is in memory but can’t retrieve it
anterograde amnesia
unable to remember events that occur after physical trauma
retrograde amnesia
unable to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma
engram
the assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace
neural activity in memory
LTM neurons fire more after repeated stimulation, neurotransmitters and hormones play a role in memory
hippocampus
in the limbic system, the formation of new memories, storing info and relaying info
amygdala
in the limbic system, responsible for emotional memory
thalamus
formation of verbal memories
cerebellum
responsible for the creation & storage of implicit memories
prefrontal cortex
ability to represent & be aware of past/present/ & future events
