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Psychology-1060 > Psychology Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 8 Flashcards

midterm 2

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, & psychological changes that take place from conception to death

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2
Q

prenatal development

A

the period from conception to birth first stage of development

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3
Q

Germinal stage

A

conception to implantation, a zygote is fertilized & becomes implanted

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4
Q

Embryonic stage

A

implanted until the 8th week, major organ systems are formed, genetic code cause sex organs to differentiate

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

the 9th week until birth, maturation and gain in size

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6
Q

common teratogens

A

harmful substances to fetus, alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, exposure to lead, exposure to radiation, herpes

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7
Q

week 9 of prenatal development

A

formation of the brain, differentiation of ovaries & testes

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8
Q

week 12 of prenatal development

A

circulatory system working, can smile and frown

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9
Q

week 16 of prenatal development

A

strong heartbeat, the mother begins to feel movement

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10
Q

week 20 of prenatal development

A

hair forms, hiccups begin

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11
Q

week 24 of prenatal development

A

visual & auditory senses, functional eyes open

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12
Q

week 28 of prenatal development

A

body fat is added, brain specialization

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13
Q

week 32 of prenatal development

A

periods of sleep and wakefulness

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14
Q

week 36 of prenatal development

A

the rapid increase in weight gains immunity from mother

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15
Q

week 38 of prenatal development

A

full term birth

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16
Q

Body growth in infancy

A
  • infants double in weight at 5 months
  • 2-3 kg/year
  • 5-8 cm/ year
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17
Q

motor development in newborns

A

1) rooting
2) sucking
3) withdrawal
4) moro
5) grasping
6) balinski

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18
Q

week 16 motor development in infancy

A

turns from the stomach to side

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19
Q

week 20 motor development in infancy

A

turns from the stomach to back

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20
Q

week 28 motor development in infancy

A

turns from back to stomach, sits-up

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21
Q

week 36 motor development in infancy

A

crawls

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22
Q

week 42 motor development in infancy

A

creeps

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23
Q

week 44 motor development in infancy

A

kneels up

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24
Q

week 55 motor development in infancy

A

stands up

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25
week 64 motor development in infancy
starts walking
26
week 78 motor development in infancy
full walking
27
perceptual development
within a couple days can track a moving light, 2 months can show a preference for the human face, 3 months they can discriminate colours, 4 months can see distant objects
28
prelinguistic vocalization
crying for the newborn is verbal expression, the first word is uttered around a 1st birthday, by 18 months infants are producing about 24 words
29
holophrases
single words used by the infant to express complex meanings
30
telegraphic speech
2-word sentences appear by end of the 2nd year
31
overregularization
application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflictions to regular verbs and nouns, suggests the joint role of nature & nurture in language development
32
adolescence
development where the body becomes sexually mature, the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
33
young adulthood ( 20-40 yrs)
the height of sensory sharpness, strength reaction time and fitness
34
middle adulthood ( 40-65 yrs)
gradual physical decline occurs in strength, coordination, & stamina
35
late adulthood (65 yrs)
changes in calcium metabolism, skin becomes less elastic, the decline in sensory systems, the immune system functions less effectively
36
a schema in cognitive development
mental structures used to organize info about an & understanding of the world
37
assimilation in cognitive development
new experiences on info are incorporated into an existing schema
38
accommodation
a new experience on information leads to modification of existing schema or creation of new schema
39
Piaget's sensorimotor stage ( birth to 2 years)
the infant learns about the world through exploration using senses and motor actions
40
object permanence
recognize that objects that are out of sight continue to exist, starts to develop about 6 months
41
preoperational stage ( 2-7 yrs)
words & symbols represent objects & relationships among them
42
antificialsim
the belief that environment events are human inventions
43
struggle with conservation
knowing objects remain the same in spite of superficial changes made to them
44
concrete operational stage
uses logic but only for concrete, tangible, observable events
45
formal operations stage (7-12 yrs)
able to think abstractly to use logical reasoning about abstract events
46
Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
the theory focuses on the influence of culture and children's interactions with others
47
zone of proximal development
refers to the skills & abilities child has with assistance
48
scaffolding
involves strategies that help a child when learning to master a new skill, children internalize explanations that encourage skill development
49
Imaginary audience
the belief that other people are as concerned with adolescent's thoughts & behaviour as the adolescence is
50
personal fable
the belief that the adolescent's feelings & ideas are special & unique, & that they are vulnerable
51
crystallized intelligence
one's lifetime of intellectual achievement, shown through vocabulary, & knowledge of world affairs
52
fluid intelligence
mental flexibility, demonstrated by the ability to process information rapidly
53
Kohlberg's moral development theory
used to explore reasonings of right & wrong, interested in how people reason about their moral decisions
54
Preconventional level ( Kohlberg's theory)
base judgments on right & wrong stage 1- obedience & punishment stage 2- good behaviour allows awards, to satisfy needs
55
Conventional level (Kohlberg's theory)
judgements on conformity to conventional right & wrong stage 3- good boy & girl orientation stage 4- judgments are based on laws & rules of society
56
Postconventional level (Kohlberg's theory)
judgement on needs to maintain social order, the personal conscience of right & wrong stage 5- the social contract stage 6- universal ethical principles
57
Erikson's psychosocial stages
1) trust vs. mistrust- infant 2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt- toddler 3) initiative vs. guilt- pre-school 4) competence vs. inferiority- school age 5) ego identity vs. role confusion- adolescence 6) intimacy vs. isolation- young adult 7) generativity vs. stagnation- middle-aged adult 8) ego integrity vs. despair- older adult
58
Infant attachment
attempt to maintain contact, shows anxiety when separated, learned behaviour from caregiver's attention
59
types of attachment
1) secure attachment 2) avoidant attachment 3) resistant attachment 4) disorganized/ disorientated
60
4 types of parenting styles
1) authoritative 2) authoritarian 3) permissive 4) uninvalued
61
James Mancia 4 stages of emerging to adulthood
1) Identity diffusion- no commitment to life goals 2) Identity foreclosure- commit to goals 3) Identity moratorium- question/ exploration of learned values 4) Identity achievments- commitment to life goals
62
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross stages of dying
1) denial & isolation 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance

Psychology-1060 (11 decks)

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