Psychology Chapter 8 Flashcards
midterm 2
developmental psychology
study of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, & psychological changes that take place from conception to death
prenatal development
the period from conception to birth first stage of development
Germinal stage
conception to implantation, a zygote is fertilized & becomes implanted
Embryonic stage
implanted until the 8th week, major organ systems are formed, genetic code cause sex organs to differentiate
Fetal stage
the 9th week until birth, maturation and gain in size
common teratogens
harmful substances to fetus, alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, exposure to lead, exposure to radiation, herpes
week 9 of prenatal development
formation of the brain, differentiation of ovaries & testes
week 12 of prenatal development
circulatory system working, can smile and frown
week 16 of prenatal development
strong heartbeat, the mother begins to feel movement
week 20 of prenatal development
hair forms, hiccups begin
week 24 of prenatal development
visual & auditory senses, functional eyes open
week 28 of prenatal development
body fat is added, brain specialization
week 32 of prenatal development
periods of sleep and wakefulness
week 36 of prenatal development
the rapid increase in weight gains immunity from mother
week 38 of prenatal development
full term birth
Body growth in infancy
- infants double in weight at 5 months
- 2-3 kg/year
- 5-8 cm/ year
motor development in newborns
1) rooting
2) sucking
3) withdrawal
4) moro
5) grasping
6) balinski
week 16 motor development in infancy
turns from the stomach to side
week 20 motor development in infancy
turns from the stomach to back
week 28 motor development in infancy
turns from back to stomach, sits-up
week 36 motor development in infancy
crawls
week 42 motor development in infancy
creeps
week 44 motor development in infancy
kneels up
week 55 motor development in infancy
stands up
week 64 motor development in infancy
starts walking
week 78 motor development in infancy
full walking
perceptual development
within a couple days can track a moving light, 2 months can show a preference for the human face, 3 months they can discriminate colours, 4 months can see distant objects
prelinguistic vocalization
crying for the newborn is verbal expression, the first word is uttered around a 1st birthday, by 18 months infants are producing about 24 words
holophrases
single words used by the infant to express complex meanings
telegraphic speech
2-word sentences appear by end of the 2nd year
overregularization
application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflictions to regular verbs and nouns, suggests the joint role of nature & nurture in language development
adolescence
development where the body becomes sexually mature, the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
young adulthood ( 20-40 yrs)
the height of sensory sharpness, strength reaction time and fitness
middle adulthood ( 40-65 yrs)
gradual physical decline occurs in strength, coordination, & stamina
late adulthood (65 yrs)
changes in calcium metabolism, skin becomes less elastic, the decline in sensory systems, the immune system functions less effectively
a schema in cognitive development
mental structures used to organize info about an & understanding of the world
assimilation in cognitive development
new experiences on info are incorporated into an existing schema
accommodation
a new experience on information leads to modification of existing schema or creation of new schema
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage ( birth to 2 years)
the infant learns about the world through exploration using senses and motor actions
object permanence
recognize that objects that are out of sight continue to exist, starts to develop about 6 months
preoperational stage ( 2-7 yrs)
words & symbols represent objects & relationships among them
antificialsim
the belief that environment events are human inventions
struggle with conservation
knowing objects remain the same in spite of superficial changes made to them
concrete operational stage
uses logic but only for concrete, tangible, observable events
formal operations stage (7-12 yrs)
able to think abstractly to use logical reasoning about abstract events
Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
the theory focuses on the influence of culture and children’s interactions with others
zone of proximal development
refers to the skills & abilities child has with assistance
scaffolding
involves strategies that help a child when learning to master a new skill, children internalize explanations that encourage skill development
Imaginary audience
the belief that other people are as concerned with adolescent’s thoughts & behaviour as the adolescence is
personal fable
the belief that the adolescent’s feelings & ideas are special & unique, & that they are vulnerable
crystallized intelligence
one’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, shown through vocabulary, & knowledge of world affairs
fluid intelligence
mental flexibility, demonstrated by the ability to process information rapidly
Kohlberg’s moral development theory
used to explore reasonings of right & wrong, interested in how people reason about their moral decisions
Preconventional level ( Kohlberg’s theory)
base judgments on right & wrong
stage 1- obedience & punishment
stage 2- good behaviour allows awards, to satisfy needs
Conventional level (Kohlberg’s theory)
judgements on conformity to conventional right & wrong
stage 3- good boy & girl orientation
stage 4- judgments are based on laws & rules of society
Postconventional level (Kohlberg’s theory)
judgement on needs to maintain social order, the personal conscience of right & wrong
stage 5- the social contract
stage 6- universal ethical principles
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
1) trust vs. mistrust- infant
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt- toddler
3) initiative vs. guilt- pre-school
4) competence vs. inferiority- school age
5) ego identity vs. role confusion- adolescence
6) intimacy vs. isolation- young adult
7) generativity vs. stagnation- middle-aged adult
8) ego integrity vs. despair- older adult
Infant attachment
attempt to maintain contact, shows anxiety when separated, learned behaviour from caregiver’s attention
types of attachment
1) secure attachment
2) avoidant attachment
3) resistant attachment
4) disorganized/ disorientated
4 types of parenting styles
1) authoritative
2) authoritarian
3) permissive
4) uninvalued
James Mancia 4 stages of emerging to adulthood
1) Identity diffusion- no commitment to life goals
2) Identity foreclosure- commit to goals
3) Identity moratorium- question/ exploration of learned values
4) Identity achievments- commitment to life goals
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross stages of dying
1) denial & isolation
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance
