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Psychology-1060 > Psychology Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, & psychological changes that take place from conception to death

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2
Q

prenatal development

A

the period from conception to birth first stage of development

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3
Q

Germinal stage

A

conception to implantation, a zygote is fertilized & becomes implanted

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4
Q

Embryonic stage

A

implanted until the 8th week, major organ systems are formed, genetic code cause sex organs to differentiate

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

the 9th week until birth, maturation and gain in size

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6
Q

common teratogens

A

harmful substances to fetus, alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, exposure to lead, exposure to radiation, herpes

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7
Q

week 9 of prenatal development

A

formation of the brain, differentiation of ovaries & testes

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8
Q

week 12 of prenatal development

A

circulatory system working, can smile and frown

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9
Q

week 16 of prenatal development

A

strong heartbeat, the mother begins to feel movement

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10
Q

week 20 of prenatal development

A

hair forms, hiccups begin

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11
Q

week 24 of prenatal development

A

visual & auditory senses, functional eyes open

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12
Q

week 28 of prenatal development

A

body fat is added, brain specialization

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13
Q

week 32 of prenatal development

A

periods of sleep and wakefulness

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14
Q

week 36 of prenatal development

A

the rapid increase in weight gains immunity from mother

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15
Q

week 38 of prenatal development

A

full term birth

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16
Q

Body growth in infancy

A
  • infants double in weight at 5 months
  • 2-3 kg/year
  • 5-8 cm/ year
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17
Q

motor development in newborns

A

1) rooting
2) sucking
3) withdrawal
4) moro
5) grasping
6) balinski

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18
Q

week 16 motor development in infancy

A

turns from the stomach to side

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19
Q

week 20 motor development in infancy

A

turns from the stomach to back

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20
Q

week 28 motor development in infancy

A

turns from back to stomach, sits-up

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21
Q

week 36 motor development in infancy

A

crawls

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22
Q

week 42 motor development in infancy

A

creeps

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23
Q

week 44 motor development in infancy

A

kneels up

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24
Q

week 55 motor development in infancy

A

stands up

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25
Q

week 64 motor development in infancy

A

starts walking

26
Q

week 78 motor development in infancy

A

full walking

27
Q

perceptual development

A

within a couple days can track a moving light, 2 months can show a preference for the human face, 3 months they can discriminate colours, 4 months can see distant objects

28
Q

prelinguistic vocalization

A

crying for the newborn is verbal expression, the first word is uttered around a 1st birthday, by 18 months infants are producing about 24 words

29
Q

holophrases

A

single words used by the infant to express complex meanings

30
Q

telegraphic speech

A

2-word sentences appear by end of the 2nd year

31
Q

overregularization

A

application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflictions to regular verbs and nouns, suggests the joint role of nature & nurture in language development

32
Q

adolescence

A

development where the body becomes sexually mature, the appearance of secondary sex characteristics

33
Q

young adulthood ( 20-40 yrs)

A

the height of sensory sharpness, strength reaction time and fitness

34
Q

middle adulthood ( 40-65 yrs)

A

gradual physical decline occurs in strength, coordination, & stamina

35
Q

late adulthood (65 yrs)

A

changes in calcium metabolism, skin becomes less elastic, the decline in sensory systems, the immune system functions less effectively

36
Q

a schema in cognitive development

A

mental structures used to organize info about an & understanding of the world

37
Q

assimilation in cognitive development

A

new experiences on info are incorporated into an existing schema

38
Q

accommodation

A

a new experience on information leads to modification of existing schema or creation of new schema

39
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage ( birth to 2 years)

A

the infant learns about the world through exploration using senses and motor actions

40
Q

object permanence

A

recognize that objects that are out of sight continue to exist, starts to develop about 6 months

41
Q

preoperational stage ( 2-7 yrs)

A

words & symbols represent objects & relationships among them

42
Q

antificialsim

A

the belief that environment events are human inventions

43
Q

struggle with conservation

A

knowing objects remain the same in spite of superficial changes made to them

44
Q

concrete operational stage

A

uses logic but only for concrete, tangible, observable events

45
Q

formal operations stage (7-12 yrs)

A

able to think abstractly to use logical reasoning about abstract events

46
Q

Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

the theory focuses on the influence of culture and children’s interactions with others

47
Q

zone of proximal development

A

refers to the skills & abilities child has with assistance

48
Q

scaffolding

A

involves strategies that help a child when learning to master a new skill, children internalize explanations that encourage skill development

49
Q

Imaginary audience

A

the belief that other people are as concerned with adolescent’s thoughts & behaviour as the adolescence is

50
Q

personal fable

A

the belief that the adolescent’s feelings & ideas are special & unique, & that they are vulnerable

51
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

one’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, shown through vocabulary, & knowledge of world affairs

52
Q

fluid intelligence

A

mental flexibility, demonstrated by the ability to process information rapidly

53
Q

Kohlberg’s moral development theory

A

used to explore reasonings of right & wrong, interested in how people reason about their moral decisions

54
Q

Preconventional level ( Kohlberg’s theory)

A

base judgments on right & wrong
stage 1- obedience & punishment
stage 2- good behaviour allows awards, to satisfy needs

55
Q

Conventional level (Kohlberg’s theory)

A

judgements on conformity to conventional right & wrong
stage 3- good boy & girl orientation
stage 4- judgments are based on laws & rules of society

56
Q

Postconventional level (Kohlberg’s theory)

A

judgement on needs to maintain social order, the personal conscience of right & wrong
stage 5- the social contract
stage 6- universal ethical principles

57
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

A

1) trust vs. mistrust- infant
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt- toddler
3) initiative vs. guilt- pre-school
4) competence vs. inferiority- school age
5) ego identity vs. role confusion- adolescence
6) intimacy vs. isolation- young adult
7) generativity vs. stagnation- middle-aged adult
8) ego integrity vs. despair- older adult

58
Q

Infant attachment

A

attempt to maintain contact, shows anxiety when separated, learned behaviour from caregiver’s attention

59
Q

types of attachment

A

1) secure attachment
2) avoidant attachment
3) resistant attachment
4) disorganized/ disorientated

60
Q

4 types of parenting styles

A

1) authoritative
2) authoritarian
3) permissive
4) uninvalued

61
Q

James Mancia 4 stages of emerging to adulthood

A

1) Identity diffusion- no commitment to life goals
2) Identity foreclosure- commit to goals
3) Identity moratorium- question/ exploration of learned values
4) Identity achievments- commitment to life goals

62
Q

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross stages of dying

A

1) denial & isolation
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance

Psychology-1060 (11 decks)

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