Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards
study for midterm
What does psychology study?
behaviour and mental processes
goals of psychology
describe, explain, predict, control behaviour & mental processes
Whats critical thinking in psychology?
analyzing questions, statements & arguments
principles of critical thinking
skepticism, evidence-based info, caution on conclusions, assumptions upon arguments, interpretations of evidence, not oversimplifying & overgeneralizing
All the types of psychologists
Clinical, counselling, educational, developmental, personality, social , enviromental, experimental, industrial, organizational, cognitive, health, sports, forensic
which yeat did psychology emerge
1879
whats structuralism psychology
the breakdown of human experience into components, sensations, feelings, & images
who founded structuralism psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
whats functionalism psychology
psychological traits that undergo natural selection similar to physical traits
who founded functionalism psychology
William James
whats behaviourism psychology?
study of observable behaviour
who founded behaviourism psychology?
John Watson
Whats gestalt psychology?
organize perceptual input into wholes & patterns, insight = problem solving
who founded Gestalt psychology?
Max Wentheimen, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler
Whats psychoanalysis psychology?
importance of unconscious and early childhood experiences, through interventions, to analyze motives and drives
who founded psychoanalysis psychology?
Sigmund Freud
who are the Women influencers in psychology?
Mary Calkins, Margaret Washburn, Karen Horney, Mary Ainsworth, Sandra Bem
whats the evolutionary perspective in psychology?
adaptive physical traits are passed on through generations
who founded the evolutionary perspective in psychology?
Charles Darwin
What’s the biological perspective in psychology?
the study of the brain and nervous system, for understanding the physical process of behaviour & mental processes
What’s the cognitive perspective in psychology?
the study of mental processes, by investigating thinking/ memory/ perception/ problem solving/ and language
What’s the existential perspective in psychology?
focus on cognitive awareness & subjective experiences, through self-awareness, fulfillment, & growth
What’s the psychodynamic perspective in psychology?
focus on people’s capacity for conscious choice & individual direction
What’s the learning perspective in psychology?
environmental influences & the learning of habits through repetition & reinforcement, by people modifying and creating their own environment
Whats’s the sociocultural perspective in psychology?
studies that influence the culture/ ethnicity/ gender/ & socioeconomic factors on behavior & mental processes
What’ s the scientific method in psychology?
creating a research question, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis
What’re Generalizations in psychology
the study group, bias selection, & was the study a good sample representative of the population?
Whats a random sample?
every member of the population has an equal chance of being asked to participate
Whats a stratified sample?
Identification of subgroups in the population, who are proportionately represented
Whats a case study?
descriptive method of research, through interviews, questionnaires & psychological tests
whats a survey?
descriptive method of research, through a questionnaire on attributes & behaviour
whats a naturalistic observation?
a method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment
whats the experimental method?
seek to confirm the cause & effect of relationships by introducing independent variables
Independent variable
manipulated variable
Dependent variable
the effect of the independent variable
experimental group
participants who obtain treatment
control group
participants who do not get treatment
placebo
bogus treatment appears genuine
blind study
participants are unaware if they received treatment or not
double-blind study
both study participants & observers don’t know who has received treatment
Whats the correlational method?
the method used to investigate whether 2 variables are related through mathematics
positive correlation
both variables increase
negative correlation
one varible increases & one varible decreases
National Council on ethics in human research
researchers must have methods approved by the ethics committee before conducting a study
Canadian code of ethics 4 principles
1) respect for the dignity of persons
2) responsible for caring
3) integrity in relationships
4) responsibility to society
