Psychology- chapter 12

Question 1

Psychological disorders

Answer 1

patterns of behaviour, connected with emotional distress or impairment in functioning

Question 2

What are psychological disorders?

Answer 2

unusual behaviour, faulty perception, inappropriate emotional response, dysfunctional behaviour, dangerous behaviour, unacceptable behaviour

Question 3

Classifying psychological disorders

Answer 3

diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, most widely classification scheme for psychological disorders

Question 4

Psychological disorders : legal implications

Answer 4

no person is criminal responsible for an act committed while suffering from a mental disorder

Question 5

neurodevelopment disorders

Answer 5

first appear in childhood, lifelong implications

Question 6

Autism

Answer 6

impaired social interaction & communication, restrictive & repetitive behaviour intellectual & language development difficulties, 1% of the population

Question 7

ADHD

Answer 7

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, 5% of children & 2.5% of adults

Question 8

schizophrenia

Answer 8

disturbances in thought, language, perception, attention, motor activity, mood, & social functioning

Question 9

Schizoprenia positive symptoms

Answer 9

hallucinations, delusions, loose associations

Question 10

Schizoprenia negative symptoms

Answer 10

lack of motivation, loss of pleasure in activities , social withdrawal

Question 11

Schizoprenia causes

Answer 11

loss of grey matter, small prefrontal cortex, less activity in the prefrontal cortex, contributing factors may be heredity, complications in birth & pregnancy, greater paternal age, birth during winter, prenatal stress/ infections/ malnutrition, maternal diabetes

Question 12

Schizoprenia psychological perspectives

Answer 12

family discoed & distress appear to contribute to the disorder, children raised in a socially unrewarding & abusive situation

Question 13

Schizoprenia sociocultural perspectives

Answer 13

low socioeconomic status, quality of parenting

Question 14

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Answer 14

sadness, lack of energy, loss of self-esteem, inability to concentrate, loss of interest, pessimism , crying, thoughts of suicide

Question 15

MDD symptoms

Answer 15

poor appetite, serious weight loss, agitation, delusions & hallucinations

Question 16

bipolar disorder

Answer 16

mood shifts from mania to depression

Question 17

females in depression

Answer 17

twice as likely to develop, lower levels of estrogen have been linked, cognitive vulnerability

Question 18

Depression biological perspectives

Answer 18

genetics, underutilization of serotonin

Question 19

Depression psychological perspectives

Answer 19

loss of environmental control , helplessness, perfectionism & unrealistic expectation factor, have internal/ stable/ & global attribution styles

Question 20

suicide risk factors

Answer 20

depression , hopelessness, perfectionism , stressful life events, family members with psychological problems, family history of suicide

Question 21

Anxiety disorders: phobias

Answer 21

specific phobia: irrational fear of specific object
social phobia: irrational & excessive fear of public scrutiny
agoraphobia: fear of open , crowded places

Question 22

Panic disorder

Answer 22

attacks of extreme anxiety in absence of eliciting stimulus

Question 23

Panic attack symptoms

Answer 23

SOB, heavy sweating, tremors, pounding of the heart, choking feeling, nausea, flushes & chills

Question 24

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 24

persistent anxiety not attributed to objects/situations/ & activity

Question 25

Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms

Answer 25

motor tension, autonomic overarousal , excessive vigilance

Question 26

anxiety disorders biological perspectives

Answer 26

genetics, highly reactive autonomic system, faulty regulation of serotonin & nor-epic, inadequate levels of GABA

Question 27

anxiety disorders psychological & social perspectives

Answer 27

conditioned fears acquired in childhood, observational learning, thinking to perpetuate panic attacks

Question 28

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 28

obsessions: recurrent anxiety thoughts or images compulsive: thoughts or behaviours that reduce the anxiety, irresistible urges to repeat a behaviour

Question 29

OCD: hoarding disorders

Answer 29

collect large quantités of items and have anxiety discarding them

Question 30

OCD: body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 30

preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated personal physical deficit, may go to extreme lengths to correct this deficit

Question 31

OCD causes

Answer 31

strongly inherited, imbalance in serotonin/dopamine/ & nor-epi, neurological circuit implications

Question 32

somatoform disorder: conversion disorder

Answer 32

major change in or loss in physical functioning with no medical reasoning, anxiety is converted into physical symptoms

Question 33

somatoform disorder: hypochondriases

Answer 33

disorder where person believes they have a serious physical illness though no medical evidence suggests this

Question 34

somatoform disorders: biophysical perspective

Answer 34

self-hypnosis, misinterpret & exaggerate normal physical sensations, enacting may bring benefits like a reduction of responsibilities

Question 35

dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia

Answer 35

marked by loss of memory, self Identification that can't be attributed to a biological problem, amnesia can last for hours to days, individual can't recall information

Question 36

generalized amnesia

Answer 36

person forgets their entire life

Question 37

dissociative fuge

Answer 37

loss of memory & self identification involves travelling to another place

Question 38

Dissociative Disorders: depersonalization/derealization disorder

Answer 38

person experiences detachment from herself and her surroundings

Question 39

Dissociative Disorders: dissociative identity disorder

Answer 39

2 or more identities each with distinct traits

Question 40

dissociative disorders biophysical causes

Answer 40

people with these disorders attempt to keep bad memories out of mind, associated with severe sexual/ physical abuse,

Question 41

Personality disorders: boderline personality disorder

Answer 41

instability in relationships, self-image, mood & impulse control, frequently combative towards others,

Question 42

Personality disorder: antisocial personality disorder

Answer 42

fails to conform to lawful & ethical behaviour , no concerns for others , egocentric, deceitful , irresponsible, & manipulative, risk-taking behaviour, not deterred by punishment

Question 43

personality disorders: avoidant personality disorders

Answer 43

unwillingness to enter relationships without assurance of acceptance, individual fails to establish close relationships outside of immediate family due to inadequacy, rejection/ criticism/ & embarrassment fears

Question 44

personality disorders: narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 44

efforts to build up self-worth through attention seeking & approval of others, self-centred fail to understand feelings of others

Question 45

personality disorder: obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 45

difficulty with interpersonal relationships due to rigid perfectionism & inflexibility, expects others to adhere to impossible behavioural guidelines

Question 46

personality disorder: schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 46

peculiarities in thought/ perception & behaviour impairs social relationships, , schizophrenia behaviours are absent in individuals

Question 47

personality disorder biological causes

Answer 47

twin & adoption studies suggest genetic factors influence antisocial behaviour, less grey matter in the prefrontal cortex

Question 48

personality disorder psychological factors

Answer 48

certain childhood experiences contribute, miscode social information

Question 49

personality disorder sociocultural

Answer 49

borderline personality may develop as a result of living in a fragmented society or on the margins of society