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Psychology-1060 > Psychology- chapter 14 > Flashcards

Psychology- chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

studies nature & causes of behaviour/ thoughts in social settings

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2
Q

attitudes

A

behavioural tendencies expressed by evaluations positive or negative of people/ places/ things

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3
Q

A-B problem

A

attitudes (A) don’t always predict behaviour (B)

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4
Q

factors affecting likelihood that attitude can predict behaviour

A

specificity, strength of attitudes, interest, accessibility

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5
Q

attitude formation

A

genetics, observational learnings, cognitive appraisal

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6
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

how people respond to persuasive messages by:

1) central route: consideration of arguments
2) peripheral route: objects associated with positive or negative cues

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7
Q

persuasive message

A

emotional messages are more persuasive than factual ones

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8
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to things enhance people’s appeal

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9
Q

fear appeal

A

people are informed of risks rather than benefits

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10
Q

persuasive communicator

A

persuasive people have : expertise, attractiveness, trustworthiness, similarity to audience

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11
Q

selective-avoidance

A

avoid information that is inconsistent with attitude

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12
Q

selective exposure

A

see information consistent with ones attitude

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13
Q

positive context of message

A

increases likelihood of persuasion

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14
Q

resistant to social pressure traits

A

high self-esteem & low social anxiety are more resistant to social pressure

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15
Q

cognitive-dissonance theory

A

people are motivated to make their beliefs, attitudes, & behaviour consistent

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16
Q

Festinger & Carlsmith study

A

participant were payed money to convince a stranger certain boring tasks were interesting, those who were paid little to lie rated boring tasks more interesting rather than those paid a lot to lie due to effort justification

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17
Q

prejudice

A

attitude towards a group leads people to evaluate members of the group negatively

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18
Q

discrimination

A

behaviour directed towards a group

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19
Q

stereotypes

A

beliefs about the attributes of individuals who belong to a particular group

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20
Q

sources of prejudice

A

dissimilarity, resource competition, social learnings, information processing, social categorization

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21
Q

intergroup content theory

A

equal status & common goal meetings between conflicting groups reduces prejudice/ stereotyping/ discrimination

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22
Q

gender difference in partner selection

A

males: physical appearance
females: financial status & reliability

23
Q

attraction-similarity hypothesis

A

people tend to be attracted to people who are similar to themselves

24
Q

similarity in attitudes & attraction

A

people are more attracted to others who agree with their views & tastes

25
Q

triangular model of love

A

1) intimacy
2) passion
3) commitment

26
Q

social perception

A

psychology studied in the way we form & modify our impressions of others

27
Q

primary effect on social perception

A

evaluate others by first impressions

28
Q

recency effect on social perceptions

A

evaluate others by most recent impressions

29
Q

attribution theory

A

attribution on assuming why people do things,, involves drawing conclusions about our influencing behaviour

30
Q

dispositional attributions

A

persons behaviour from internal factors like attitude & goals

31
Q

situational attributions

A

persons behaviour from external factors like social influences & socialization

32
Q

actor-observer effect

A

make attributions bases on our attention

33
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

attribute to others behaviour to dispositional factors

34
Q

self-serving bias

A

ascribe our successes to dispositional factors but our failures to situational factors

35
Q

social influence

A

studies how people’s thoughts, feelings, & behaviour are influenced by others

36
Q

obedience to authority: the milgrim studies

A
  • participants assigned as role of teacher to shock a learner
  • complied to demands of authority
  • not one participant stopped at 300 V
37
Q

obedience to authority from

A

socialization, lack of social comparison, legitimacy perception, foor-in-door technique, inaccessible values, buffer between perpetrator & victim

38
Q

conformity

A

people change behaviour & adhere to social norms,

39
Q

Asch study

A

participants to judge length of a line , while others gave incorrect answers , 75% conformed to groups wrong answer in the end

40
Q

factors that influence conformity

A

collectivist culture, low self-esteem , social shyness, lack of task familiarity, group size, social support

41
Q

group behaviour

A
  • a group satisfies need for belonging/ attention/ & affection
  • people behave differently in a group than as individuals
42
Q

social facilitation

A

performance is increased when group members engage in the same behaviour, others in crease motivation/ arousal, can impair performance, social loafing/ diffusion of responsibility

43
Q

social decision schemes

A

majority-wins scheme, truth-wins scheme, two-thirds majority, first-shift rule

44
Q

polarization

A

groups have more extreme positions than individuals acting alone

45
Q

risky shift

A

groups tend to take risks together

46
Q

groupthink

A

members are influences by cohesiveness & a dynamic leader to control external realities

47
Q

characteristics of groupthink

A

feelings of invulnerability, pressure for group conformity, discrediting of information

48
Q

mob behaviour

A

from highly emotional crowds, actions like rioting/ looting/ vandalism

49
Q

deindividuation

A

individuals in a group discontinue self-evaluation & adopt groups norms & attitudes

50
Q

social roles

A

individuals actions in a group are dependant on the assumed role

51
Q

altruism

A

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

52
Q

bystander effect

A

tendency of people to do nothing when they see others in need of help

53
Q

factors involved in helping behaviour

A

good mood, empathy, beliefs in emergencies, assuming responsibility, knowing what to do, knowing people who need help, similar to people in need, believing victims did’t bring trouble on themselves

Psychology-1060 (11 decks)

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