Psychology- chapter 14 Flashcards
Social psychology
studies nature & causes of behaviour/ thoughts in social settings
attitudes
behavioural tendencies expressed by evaluations positive or negative of people/ places/ things
A-B problem
attitudes (A) don’t always predict behaviour (B)
factors affecting likelihood that attitude can predict behaviour
specificity, strength of attitudes, interest, accessibility
attitude formation
genetics, observational learnings, cognitive appraisal
elaboration likelihood model
how people respond to persuasive messages by:
1) central route: consideration of arguments
2) peripheral route: objects associated with positive or negative cues
persuasive message
emotional messages are more persuasive than factual ones
mere-exposure effect
repeated exposure to things enhance people’s appeal
fear appeal
people are informed of risks rather than benefits
persuasive communicator
persuasive people have : expertise, attractiveness, trustworthiness, similarity to audience
selective-avoidance
avoid information that is inconsistent with attitude
selective exposure
see information consistent with ones attitude
positive context of message
increases likelihood of persuasion
resistant to social pressure traits
high self-esteem & low social anxiety are more resistant to social pressure
cognitive-dissonance theory
people are motivated to make their beliefs, attitudes, & behaviour consistent
Festinger & Carlsmith study
participant were payed money to convince a stranger certain boring tasks were interesting, those who were paid little to lie rated boring tasks more interesting rather than those paid a lot to lie due to effort justification
prejudice
attitude towards a group leads people to evaluate members of the group negatively
discrimination
behaviour directed towards a group
stereotypes
beliefs about the attributes of individuals who belong to a particular group
sources of prejudice
dissimilarity, resource competition, social learnings, information processing, social categorization
intergroup content theory
equal status & common goal meetings between conflicting groups reduces prejudice/ stereotyping/ discrimination
gender difference in partner selection
males: physical appearance
females: financial status & reliability
attraction-similarity hypothesis
people tend to be attracted to people who are similar to themselves
similarity in attitudes & attraction
people are more attracted to others who agree with their views & tastes
triangular model of love
1) intimacy
2) passion
3) commitment
social perception
psychology studied in the way we form & modify our impressions of others
primary effect on social perception
evaluate others by first impressions
recency effect on social perceptions
evaluate others by most recent impressions
attribution theory
attribution on assuming why people do things,, involves drawing conclusions about our influencing behaviour
dispositional attributions
persons behaviour from internal factors like attitude & goals
situational attributions
persons behaviour from external factors like social influences & socialization
actor-observer effect
make attributions bases on our attention
fundamental attribution error
attribute to others behaviour to dispositional factors
self-serving bias
ascribe our successes to dispositional factors but our failures to situational factors
social influence
studies how people’s thoughts, feelings, & behaviour are influenced by others
obedience to authority: the milgrim studies
- participants assigned as role of teacher to shock a learner
- complied to demands of authority
- not one participant stopped at 300 V
obedience to authority from
socialization, lack of social comparison, legitimacy perception, foor-in-door technique, inaccessible values, buffer between perpetrator & victim
conformity
people change behaviour & adhere to social norms,
Asch study
participants to judge length of a line , while others gave incorrect answers , 75% conformed to groups wrong answer in the end
factors that influence conformity
collectivist culture, low self-esteem , social shyness, lack of task familiarity, group size, social support
group behaviour
- a group satisfies need for belonging/ attention/ & affection
- people behave differently in a group than as individuals
social facilitation
performance is increased when group members engage in the same behaviour, others in crease motivation/ arousal, can impair performance, social loafing/ diffusion of responsibility
social decision schemes
majority-wins scheme, truth-wins scheme, two-thirds majority, first-shift rule
polarization
groups have more extreme positions than individuals acting alone
risky shift
groups tend to take risks together
groupthink
members are influences by cohesiveness & a dynamic leader to control external realities
characteristics of groupthink
feelings of invulnerability, pressure for group conformity, discrediting of information
mob behaviour
from highly emotional crowds, actions like rioting/ looting/ vandalism
deindividuation
individuals in a group discontinue self-evaluation & adopt groups norms & attitudes
social roles
individuals actions in a group are dependant on the assumed role
altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
bystander effect
tendency of people to do nothing when they see others in need of help
factors involved in helping behaviour
good mood, empathy, beliefs in emergencies, assuming responsibility, knowing what to do, knowing people who need help, similar to people in need, believing victims did’t bring trouble on themselves
