Psychology- chapter 14

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

studies nature & causes of behaviour/ thoughts in social settings

Question 2

attitudes

Answer 2

behavioural tendencies expressed by evaluations positive or negative of people/ places/ things

Question 3

A-B problem

Answer 3

attitudes (A) don’t always predict behaviour (B)

Question 4

factors affecting likelihood that attitude can predict behaviour

Answer 4

specificity, strength of attitudes, interest, accessibility

Question 5

attitude formation

Answer 5

genetics, observational learnings, cognitive appraisal

Question 6

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 6

how people respond to persuasive messages by:

1) central route: consideration of arguments
2) peripheral route: objects associated with positive or negative cues

Question 7

persuasive message

Answer 7

emotional messages are more persuasive than factual ones

Question 8

mere-exposure effect

Answer 8

repeated exposure to things enhance people’s appeal

Question 9

fear appeal

Answer 9

people are informed of risks rather than benefits

Question 10

persuasive communicator

Answer 10

persuasive people have : expertise, attractiveness, trustworthiness, similarity to audience

Question 11

selective-avoidance

Answer 11

avoid information that is inconsistent with attitude

Question 12

selective exposure

Answer 12

see information consistent with ones attitude

Question 13

positive context of message

Answer 13

increases likelihood of persuasion

Question 14

resistant to social pressure traits

Answer 14

high self-esteem & low social anxiety are more resistant to social pressure

Question 15

cognitive-dissonance theory

Answer 15

people are motivated to make their beliefs, attitudes, & behaviour consistent

Question 16

Festinger & Carlsmith study

Answer 16

participant were payed money to convince a stranger certain boring tasks were interesting, those who were paid little to lie rated boring tasks more interesting rather than those paid a lot to lie due to effort justification

Question 17

prejudice

Answer 17

attitude towards a group leads people to evaluate members of the group negatively

Question 18

discrimination

Answer 18

behaviour directed towards a group

Question 19

stereotypes

Answer 19

beliefs about the attributes of individuals who belong to a particular group

Question 20

sources of prejudice

Answer 20

dissimilarity, resource competition, social learnings, information processing, social categorization

Question 21

intergroup content theory

Answer 21

equal status & common goal meetings between conflicting groups reduces prejudice/ stereotyping/ discrimination

Question 22

gender difference in partner selection

Answer 22

males: physical appearance
females: financial status & reliability

Question 23

attraction-similarity hypothesis

Answer 23

people tend to be attracted to people who are similar to themselves

Question 24

similarity in attitudes & attraction

Answer 24

people are more attracted to others who agree with their views & tastes

Question 25

triangular model of love

Answer 25

1) intimacy 2) passion 3) commitment

Question 26

social perception

Answer 26

psychology studied in the way we form & modify our impressions of others

Question 27

primary effect on social perception

Answer 27

evaluate others by first impressions

Question 28

recency effect on social perceptions

Answer 28

evaluate others by most recent impressions

Question 29

attribution theory

Answer 29

attribution on assuming why people do things,, involves drawing conclusions about our influencing behaviour

Question 30

dispositional attributions

Answer 30

persons behaviour from internal factors like attitude & goals

Question 31

situational attributions

Answer 31

persons behaviour from external factors like social influences & socialization

Question 32

actor-observer effect

Answer 32

make attributions bases on our attention

Question 33

fundamental attribution error

Answer 33

attribute to others behaviour to dispositional factors

Question 34

self-serving bias

Answer 34

ascribe our successes to dispositional factors but our failures to situational factors

Question 35

social influence

Answer 35

studies how people's thoughts, feelings, & behaviour are influenced by others

Question 36

obedience to authority: the milgrim studies

Answer 36

- participants assigned as role of teacher to shock a learner - complied to demands of authority - not one participant stopped at 300 V

Question 37

obedience to authority from

Answer 37

socialization, lack of social comparison, legitimacy perception, foor-in-door technique, inaccessible values, buffer between perpetrator & victim

Question 38

conformity

Answer 38

people change behaviour & adhere to social norms,

Question 39

Asch study

Answer 39

participants to judge length of a line , while others gave incorrect answers , 75% conformed to groups wrong answer in the end

Question 40

factors that influence conformity

Answer 40

collectivist culture, low self-esteem , social shyness, lack of task familiarity, group size, social support

Question 41

group behaviour

Answer 41

- a group satisfies need for belonging/ attention/ & affection - people behave differently in a group than as individuals

Question 42

social facilitation

Answer 42

performance is increased when group members engage in the same behaviour, others in crease motivation/ arousal, can impair performance, social loafing/ diffusion of responsibility

Question 43

social decision schemes

Answer 43

majority-wins scheme, truth-wins scheme, two-thirds majority, first-shift rule

Question 44

polarization

Answer 44

groups have more extreme positions than individuals acting alone

Question 45

risky shift

Answer 45

groups tend to take risks together

Question 46

groupthink

Answer 46

members are influences by cohesiveness & a dynamic leader to control external realities

Question 47

characteristics of groupthink

Answer 47

feelings of invulnerability, pressure for group conformity, discrediting of information

Question 48

mob behaviour

Answer 48

from highly emotional crowds, actions like rioting/ looting/ vandalism

Question 49

deindividuation

Answer 49

individuals in a group discontinue self-evaluation & adopt groups norms & attitudes

Question 50

social roles

Answer 50

individuals actions in a group are dependant on the assumed role

Question 51

altruism

Answer 51

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Question 52

bystander effect

Answer 52

tendency of people to do nothing when they see others in need of help

Question 53

factors involved in helping behaviour

Answer 53

good mood, empathy, beliefs in emergencies, assuming responsibility, knowing what to do, knowing people who need help, similar to people in need, believing victims did't bring trouble on themselves