Psychology Chapter 5

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capabilities, from practice and experience

Question 2

Learning by association

Answer 2

through reflective psychological responses, conditioned through association

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 3

stimulus from an organism naturally ( no conditioning)

Question 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 4

unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

neural stimulus creates a conditioned response because it’s been conditioned repeatedly with the same stimulus.

Question 6

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

counterconditioning

Answer 7

technique brings fear reduction with pain, by using a pleasant stimulus with fear-evoking stimuli

Question 8

systemic desensitizing

Answer 8

reducing fear through the presentation of increasingly more fearful stimuli, while the person remains relaxed

Question 9

extinction ( extinction response recovery)

Answer 9

no more conditioned responses, because the conditioned stimulus isn’t associated with the unconditioned stimuli

Question 10

spontaneous recovery ( extinction recovery response)

Answer 10

return of the extinguished conditioned response as a function of time passage

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

the tendency of the conditioned response being evoked by similar stimuli to the conditioned response

Question 12

discrimination

Answer 12

conditioned response to be evoked by only the conditioned stimuli but not similar

Question 13

higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

neural stimuli become conditioned after being pained with an already conditioned stimulus

Question 14

why are taste aversions unique?

Answer 14

adaptive because they motivate organisms to avoid harmful foods, conditioned & unconditioned stimuli are enough to create a conditioned response

Question 15

Reinforcement

Answer 15

any stimuli that increase the probability the next response will repeat

Question 16

positive reinforcement

Answer 16

when presented a high frequency of behaviour proceeding it occurs

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

when removed high frequency of behaviour proceeding it

Question 18

immediate reinforcer

Answer 18

done immediately following a behaviour

Question 19

delayed reinforcer

Answer 19

doesn’t follow the behaviour

Question 20

primary reinforcer

Answer 20

an unlearned reinforcer that fulfills basic survival needs ( food, water, warmth)

Question 21

secondary reinforcer

Answer 21

conditioned reinforcer acquires value by association with established reinforcers ( money, grades)

Question 22

punishment

Answer 22

an unpleasant stimulus suppresses the frequency of the following behaviour

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

removal of a pleasant stimuli

Question 24

positive punishment

Answer 24

presentation of an unpleasant stimuli

Question 25

timing in punishment

Answer 25

applied immediately following the misbehaviour

Question 26

intensity in punishment

Answer 26

should not exceed the crime

Question 27

consistency in punishment

Answer 27

be applied every time

Question 28

extinction in punishment

Answer 28

operant behaviour ceases due to non-reinforcement

Question 29

spontaneous recovery in punishment

Answer 29

the reappearance of operant behaviour after extinction

Question 30

discriminative stimuli

Answer 30

indicates whether reinforcement or punishment follows

Question 31

continuous reinforcement

Answer 31

schedule of reinforcement every correct response is reinforced

Question 32

partial reinforcement

Answer 32

not every correct response is reinforced

Question 33

interval schedules for reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforcement occurs after a certain period of time passes, fixed or variable interval schedule

Question 34

ratio schedule

Answer 34

occurs after a number of responses are given, fixed or variable interval schedule

Question 35

shaping

Answer 35

a procedure for teaching complex behaviour reinforces approximation of the desired behaviour

Question 36

cognitive factors in learning

Answer 36

concepts like mental structures, schemas, templates, & information processing

Question 37

latent learning

Answer 37

learning can occur absent of reinforcement ( E.L Holman)

Question 38

contingency theory

Answer 38

learning can occur when the conditioned stimuli provide info to the unconditioned stimuli ( Robert Rescola’s )

Question 39

observational theory

Answer 39

knowledge and skill are learned by observing others behaviour ( Albert Bandera)