Psychology- Chapter 11

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

patterns of behaviour, thoughts, feelings that characterize a person’s adaptation to life

Question 2

psychodynamic theory

Answer 2

founded by Sigmund Freud, in childhood conflicts viewing the unconscious motives determines behaviour & personality

Question 3

conscious

Answer 3

thoughts in our awareness

Question 4

preconscious

Answer 4

thoughts out of awareness but can easily be made conscious

Question 5

unconscious

Answer 5

storehouse of primitive instincts urges & desires, difficult to access

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

develops in the first year of life, resides at conscious/preconscious/ & unconscious, from self-awareness/ ability to delay gratification

Question 7

superego

Answer 7

develops in the toddler, all 3 levels, functions as a moral guardian sets forth standards of behaviour

Question 8

defence mechanisms: denial

Answer 8

conscious disorting of the perception of reality

Question 9

defence mechanisms: projections

Answer 9

perceiving unwelcome emotions as originating from someone else

Question 10

defence mechanisms: rationalization

Answer 10

making excuses for our behaviour

Question 11

defence mechanisms: reaction formation

Answer 11

taking emotion & unconsciously replacing it with the opposite

Question 12

defence mechanisms: regression

Answer 12

behaving in a childlike way

Question 13

defence mechanisms: repression

Answer 13

unconsciously pushing unwanted desires or memories from our conscious mind

Question 14

defence mechanisms: sublimation

Answer 14

transferring desires into other acceptable activities

Question 15

psychosexual development: oral

Answer 15

ages 0-1, mouth is erogenous zone, conflict around nature & oral gratification

Question 16

psychosexual development: anal

Answer 16

ages 2-3, anus is erogenous zone, conflict centers on issues of self-control

Question 17

psychosexual development: phallic

Answer 17

ages 3-6, genitals are erogenous zone, child’s libidinal attachment to opposite sex-parent, the resolution is identifying the same-sex parent

Question 18

psychosexual development: latency

Answer 18

ages 6- puberty, no erogenous zone, repression of sexual impulses

Question 19

psychosexual development: genital

Answer 19

puberty and up, genitals are the erogenous zone, libidinal changes displaced onto an opposite-sex partner

Question 20

Carl- Jung analytical psychology

Answer 20

downplays the importance of sexual instinct, proposed existence of the collective unconscious

Question 21

Alfred Adler individual psychology

Answer 21

motivation from an inferiority complex generated in childhood, self-aware aspect to overcome obstacles

Question 22

Karen Horney: neo-Freudian

Answer 22

social relationships are more important to the development than unconscious impulses

Question 23

Erik Erikson: psychosocial development

Answer 23

stages from development crisis, successful resolution leads to the development of positive- age-appropriate traits

Question 24

trait

Answer 24

an aspect of personality inferred from behaviour

Question 25

Gordon Allport

Answer 25

set stage for later research by cataloguing 18000 human traits

Question 26

Hans Eysenck's theory

Answer 26

introversion & extroversion, stability & instability

Question 27

extrovert stable

Answer 27

sociable, outgoing, talkative, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership

Question 28

extrovert unstable

Answer 28

touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, impulsive, optimistic, active

Question 29

introvert stable

Answer 29

passive, careful, thoughtful, peaceful, controlled, reliable, even-tempered, calm

Question 30

introvert unstable

Answer 30

moody, anxious, rigid, reserved, unsociable, quiet

Question 31

Caltelis theory

Answer 31

cluster like traits narrowed traits into 16 factors

Question 32

personality factors: openess

Answer 32

curiosity, imagination contrasted with shallowness

Question 33

personality factor: conscientiousness

Answer 33

reliability, thoughtful contrasted with negligence

Question 34

personality factor: extraversion

Answer 34

contrast talkativeness, silence

Question 35

personality factor: agreeable

Answer 35

kindness, trust, warmth contrasts passivity

Question 36

personality factor: neuroticism

Answer 36

nervous, moody contrasted with hostility & agreeable

Question 37

traits for wisdom & knowledge

Answer 37

creativity, curiosity, open-minded, learning love, perspective

Question 38

traits for courage

Answer 38

authenticity, bravery, persistence, zest

Question 39

traits for humanity

Answer 39

kindness, love, social intelligence

Question 40

traits for justice

Answer 40

fairness, leadership, teamwork

Question 41

traits for temperance

Answer 41

forgiveness, modesty, prudence

Question 42

traits for transcendence

Answer 42

appreciation of beauty, excellence, gratitude, hope, humour, religion

Question 43

Personality genetics

Answer 43

building blocks of personality written into DNA, optimism & self-esteem predicted by the portion of the third chromosome, extroverted personalities are hereditary at 40-60 %, higher dopamine levels in the brain for extroverts