Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards
midterm 2
thinking
taking info, and making judgements, decisions, representing & reasoning the info
Imagery
representation of sensory experience in our mind
Concept
used to group qualities that have common properties
understanding
mental representation in a meaningful way, part of problem-solving
3 parts of problem-solving?
1) understanding
2) corresponding to elements in the world
3) background knowledge we can apply
algorithm
mathematical problem
heuristic.
a shortcut, that helps us solve a problem
analogy
reference to a previous problem to solve a new problem
expertise
more efficient problem solvers
mental set
the tendency to use a previously successful problem-solving approach, to solve a new similar problem
Insight
perception of relational elements that help solve the problem
Inoculation
standing back from a problem and letting it work itself out
Functional fixedness
viewing an object’s function in a preconceived way
Representative heuristic
judgments about a sample population based on limited info
Availability heuristic
estimate of the frequency of an event by how easy it is to find examples of the event
anchoring & adjustment heuristic
presumption as a cognitive anchor for subsequent information
framing effect
the wording that information is presented
overconfidence
overconfident even if decisions are wrong
Intelligence
ability to understand the world and cope with challenges
factor theories
states there are 8 primary mental abilities, intelligence is based on general intelligence and specific abilities
8 types of factor theories
1) visual & spatial abilities
2) perceptual speed
3) numerical ability
4) verbal meaning
5) memory
6) word fluency
7) deductive reasoning
8) inductive reasoning
3 dimensions to intelligence?
1) mental operations
2) context
3) products
mental operations
thinking,memory, & evaluation
context
what’s being thought or evaluated
products
outcomes of mental operations
theory of multiple intelligence
based on talents and abilities, language, math, body-kinesthetic, musical, spatial-relations, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, naturalist intelligence, existential knowledge
triarchic theory of intelligence
1) analytical intelligence- academic ability
2) creative intelligence- generate solutions to problems, & ability to cope
3) practical intelligence- street smarts
Stanford-Biret intelligence model
measures IQ- divide mental age by chronological age
Wechsler Scales
separates subtests as a well overall score for intellectual functioning, by testing verbal & performance tasks
group tests
intelligence tests administered to large groups of people at a time like schools & military
gender differences in intelligence tests
girls: score higher in verbal ability
boys: score higher in visual ability & math tests
flynn effect
higher IQ between 1947 & 2002
convergent theory
the thought process that narrows in on single best solutions to a problem
divergent thinking
creative thinking, the process attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems
Language
communication involving symbols & rules governing their use
semanticity
sounds & signs of a language that the meaning
infinite creativity
ability to create rather than imitate sentences
displacement
ability to communicate about objects and event in another time/place
Linguistic-relativity hypothesis
speakers of different languages see the world differently
phonemes
the smallest unit of sound in a language
morphemes
the smallest unit of meaning in spoken language
syntax
the arrangment & organization of words to form sentences
semantics
meanings associated with a sentence
pragmatics
how we use language to convey social meaning
learning theory in language
language is learned through imitation & reinforcement, parents serve as models
nativist approach
language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental and inborn factors
bilingualism
cognitive/social, & occupational benefits from learning a second language
