Psychology Chapter 7

Question 1

thinking

Answer 1

taking info, and making judgements, decisions, representing & reasoning the info

Question 2

Imagery

Answer 2

representation of sensory experience in our mind

Question 3

Concept

Answer 3

used to group qualities that have common properties

Question 4

understanding

Answer 4

mental representation in a meaningful way, part of problem-solving

Question 5

3 parts of problem-solving?

Answer 5

1) understanding
2) corresponding to elements in the world
3) background knowledge we can apply

Question 6

algorithm

Answer 6

mathematical problem

Question 7

heuristic.

Answer 7

a shortcut, that helps us solve a problem

Question 8

analogy

Answer 8

reference to a previous problem to solve a new problem

Question 9

expertise

Answer 9

more efficient problem solvers

Question 10

mental set

Answer 10

the tendency to use a previously successful problem-solving approach, to solve a new similar problem

Question 11

Insight

Answer 11

perception of relational elements that help solve the problem

Question 12

Inoculation

Answer 12

standing back from a problem and letting it work itself out

Question 13

Functional fixedness

Answer 13

viewing an object’s function in a preconceived way

Question 14

Representative heuristic

Answer 14

judgments about a sample population based on limited info

Question 15

Availability heuristic

Answer 15

estimate of the frequency of an event by how easy it is to find examples of the event

Question 16

anchoring & adjustment heuristic

Answer 16

presumption as a cognitive anchor for subsequent information

Question 17

framing effect

Answer 17

the wording that information is presented

Question 18

overconfidence

Answer 18

overconfident even if decisions are wrong

Question 19

Intelligence

Answer 19

ability to understand the world and cope with challenges

Question 20

factor theories

Answer 20

states there are 8 primary mental abilities, intelligence is based on general intelligence and specific abilities

Question 21

8 types of factor theories

Answer 21

1) visual & spatial abilities
2) perceptual speed
3) numerical ability
4) verbal meaning
5) memory
6) word fluency
7) deductive reasoning
8) inductive reasoning

Question 22

3 dimensions to intelligence?

Answer 22

1) mental operations
2) context
3) products

Question 23

mental operations

Answer 23

thinking,memory, & evaluation

Question 24

context

Answer 24

what’s being thought or evaluated

Question 25

products

Answer 25

outcomes of mental operations

Question 26

theory of multiple intelligence

Answer 26

based on talents and abilities, language, math, body-kinesthetic, musical, spatial-relations, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, naturalist intelligence, existential knowledge

Question 27

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 27

1) analytical intelligence- academic ability 2) creative intelligence- generate solutions to problems, & ability to cope 3) practical intelligence- street smarts

Question 28

Stanford-Biret intelligence model

Answer 28

measures IQ- divide mental age by chronological age

Question 29

Wechsler Scales

Answer 29

separates subtests as a well overall score for intellectual functioning, by testing verbal & performance tasks

Question 30

group tests

Answer 30

intelligence tests administered to large groups of people at a time like schools & military

Question 31

gender differences in intelligence tests

Answer 31

girls: score higher in verbal ability boys: score higher in visual ability & math tests

Question 32

flynn effect

Answer 32

higher IQ between 1947 & 2002

Question 33

convergent theory

Answer 33

the thought process that narrows in on single best solutions to a problem

Question 34

divergent thinking

Answer 34

creative thinking, the process attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems

Question 35

Language

Answer 35

communication involving symbols & rules governing their use

Question 36

semanticity

Answer 36

sounds & signs of a language that the meaning

Question 37

infinite creativity

Answer 37

ability to create rather than imitate sentences

Question 38

displacement

Answer 38

ability to communicate about objects and event in another time/place

Question 39

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

Answer 39

speakers of different languages see the world differently

Question 40

phonemes

Answer 40

the smallest unit of sound in a language

Question 41

morphemes

Answer 41

the smallest unit of meaning in spoken language

Question 42

syntax

Answer 42

the arrangment & organization of words to form sentences

Question 43

semantics

Answer 43

meanings associated with a sentence

Question 44

pragmatics

Answer 44

how we use language to convey social meaning

Question 45

learning theory in language

Answer 45

language is learned through imitation & reinforcement, parents serve as models

Question 46

nativist approach

Answer 46

language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental and inborn factors

Question 47

bilingualism

Answer 47

cognitive/social, & occupational benefits from learning a second language