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Biology > Psychology Chapter 2-Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 2-Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation is the conversion of external or internal information into electrical signals that the nervous system can use.

Perception is making sense of the sensory information

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2
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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3
Q

What are sensory ganglia?

A

Bundles of cell bodies [sensory neurons] outside of the central nervous system

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4
Q

What part of the brain further analyze the sensory input?

A

Projection Areas

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5
Q

What are examples of sensory receptors?

A

Photoreceptors, hair cells, nocireceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, olfactory receptors and taste receptors.

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6
Q

What is a threshold?

A

The minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction.

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7
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

The minimum stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system.

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8
Q

What is the threshold of conscious perception?

A

The minimum of stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough induration to be brought into awareness

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9
Q

What is the difference threshold or just noticeable difference (JND)?

A

The minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.

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10
Q

What is weber’s law?

A

This law quantify is the perception of changing a given stimulus.

The change in a stimulus that will be noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.

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11
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

It takes into account the effects of non-sensory factors such as experiences motives and expectations on perception of stimuli.

Example: signal detection experiment looks at response bias for possible outcomes include: hits, false alarm, miss and correct negatives.

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12
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Decrease in response to a stimulus overtime

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the cornea?

A

The cornea gathers and filters in coming light.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the iris?

A

Divides the front of the eye into anterior and posterior chamber’s.

It also dilates and constricts the people with its dilator and constrictor pupillae muscles

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15
Q

What to muscles cause the pupils to constrict?

A

Dilator and constrictor pupillae

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the lens of the eye?

A

Refracts light to focus on the retina.

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17
Q

What part of the eye produces aqueous humor?

A

The cillary body

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18
Q

Where are rods and cones located in the eye?

A

Retina

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19
Q

Which part of the eye contains only cones?

A

The fovea. Located inside of the macula.

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20
Q

What cells are involved in eyesight?

A

Bipolar, Ganglion cells, Horizontal, Amacrine

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21
Q

What is the visual pathway?

A

Optic Nerve

Optic Chiasm

Optic Tracts

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (thalamus)

Visual Cortex (Occipital lobe)

22
Q

Which cells of the eyes detect motion?

A

Magnocellular cells

23
Q

What cells in the eyes detect shape?

A

Parvocellular cells

24
Q

What parts of the ear make up the outer ear?

A

The pinna or the auricle

The external auditory canal

The tympanic membrane

25
Q

What parts of the ear make up the middle ear?

A

The ossicles:

Malleus (Hammer)

Incus (Anvil)

Stapes (Stirrup)

26
Q

The footplate of the stapes rests on which part of the inner ear?

A

The oval window of the cochlea

27
Q

What tube connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity?

A

Eustachian tube

28
Q

What parts of the ear make up the inner ear?

A

The membranous labyrinth.

The semicircular canal, cochlea, utricle, saccule

29
Q

The bony labyrinth is filled with _________? The membranous labyrinth is filled with ________?

A

Bony is filled with perilymph

Membranous is filled with endolymph

30
Q

What is the purpose of the cochlea?

A

It detects sound.

31
Q

What is the purpose of the semicircular canal?

A

Detects rotational acceleration

32
Q

What is the role of the utricle and saccule are in the membranous labyrinth?

A

Detects linear acceleration

33
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

34
Q

What are the two parts of the brain does auditory information travel?

A

Superior olive (localizes sound)

Inferior colliculi (startle reflex, helps fix eyes to one spot when the head turns)

35
Q

What nerves are responsible for smell?

A

Olfactory chemoreceptors/olfactory nerves

36
Q

What is the pathway for smell?

A

Olfactory nerves

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Higher order brain areas (limbic system)

37
Q

What are the five modalities of taste?

A

Sweet salty sour bitter or umami

38
Q

What are the four touch modalities of somatosensation?

A

temperature pain pressure vibration

39
Q

What is two point threshold?

A

The minimum distance between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

40
Q

What is physiological zero?

A

The normal temperature of the skin to which objects are compared to to determine if they feel warm or cold.

41
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Responsible for pain perception.

42
Q

What is the gate theory of pain?

A

Pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present.

43
Q

What is kinesthetic/proprioception sense

A

The ability and awareness to tell where one’s body is in a three dimensional space

44
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Data driven processing. Refers to recognition of objects by parallel processing and future detection.

Slower but less prone to mistakes.

45
Q

Top down processing

A

(Conceptually driven)

Recognition of an object by memories and expectations with a little attention to detail.

Faster but more prone to mistakes.

46
Q

What are Gestalt principles?

A

Ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is in complete.

47
Q

What is vestibular sense?

A

AKA labyrinthine sense, is an elaborate sense that is involved in body position and movement of the head.

48
Q

What is the resulted loss of eyesight eyesight when the optic chiasm is damaged

A

It causes loss of eyesight in the nasal field of vision in both eyes.

49
Q

What hemisphere processes information from the left visual field of both eyes? 

A

Right

50
Q

What hemisphere processes information from the right visual field of both eyes?

A

Left hemisphere

Biology (14 decks)

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