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Biology > Chapter 6- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 6- The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the lungs?

A

Provides the body with air, gas exchange, thermoregulation, pH balance, immune function

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2
Q

Location of the pharynx and purpose?

A

Behind the nasal cavity, at the back of the mouth. Common pathway for both air and food destined for the lungs and esophagus respectively.

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3
Q

Location of the larynx and purpose

A

Lies below the pharynx pathway for air only.

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4
Q

What is another name for the larynx?

A

Glottis

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5
Q

What structure keeps food out of the respiratory tract?

A

Epiglottis

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6
Q

Where are the vocal cords located?

A

Within the larynx maneuvered using skeletal muscle and cartilage

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7
Q

What role does the nose and mouth play in the respiratory system?

A

The nose and mouth both warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs. It also functions to remove dirt and particulate matter from the air.

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8
Q

What features of the trachea and bronchi help catch material that has made it past the mucous membranes in the nose and mouth?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

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9
Q

Divisions of bronchi

A

Bronchi> Bronchioles>Alveoli

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10
Q

What allows for the alveoli to not collapse on itself

A

Alveoli are tiny balloon like structures where gas exchange occurs.

They are covered in a surfactant that lowers the surface tension and prevents them from collapsing on themselves. (During expiration)

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11
Q

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds each lung?

A

Pleurae

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12
Q

What are the two types of pleura that surround the lungs?

A

The surface adjacent to the long is the visceral pleura the outer part is the parietal pleura.

Visceral: near the organ
Pleural: outer portion

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13
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Intrapleural space

Contains a thin layer of fluid helps lubricate the pleural surfaces

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14
Q

What muscles are used to help with inhalation

A

External intercostal muscles (one of the layers of muscles between the ribs)

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15
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity.

As the diaphragm flattens and the chest wall expands outward intrathoracic volume increases.

This increase in intrapleural volume leads to a decrease in intrapleural pressure.

The gas in the lungs is now higher than the pressure in the intrapleural space the lungs will therefore expand in the intrapleural space and the pressure in the lungs will drop. Air will then be sucked in from the higher pressure environment. (The outside world)

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16
Q

Describe the process of exhalation

A

Relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles causes the chest cavity to decrease in volume and increase in pressure.

Pressure in the intrapleural is higher so pressure goes down it’s concentration gradient and air is pushed out of the lungs.

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17
Q

During active tasks, we can speed up the process of exhalation by using which muscles?

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles which oppose the external intercostal muscles and pull the rib cage down. 

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18
Q

What helps the lungs not collapse?

A

The indirect connection of the lungs to the chest wall.

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19
Q

RV

Residual volume

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation

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20
Q

TLC

Total Lung Capacity

A

Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

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21
Q

VC

Vital Capacity

A

The difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC - RV)

22
Q

TV

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

23
Q

ERV

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

24
Q

IRV

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation

25
Q

Where is the ventilation center located and why is it important?

A

A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata

These neurons fire rhythmically to cause contraction of respiratory muscles

Sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration

26
Q

The ventilation center in the medulla oblongata contains what type of receptors? What are they sensitive to

A

Chemo receptors that are sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration.

27
Q

What is the condition called where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood rises

A

Hypercarbia/Hypercapnia

28
Q

What changes happen in the respiratory rates when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood rises

A

In order to release carbon dioxide from the body and decrease its partial pressure in the blood respiratory rate increases so that more carbon dioxide is exhaled causing carbon dioxide levels in the blood to fall.

29
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen concentration in the blood

30
Q

Extended periods of hypoventilation would lead to increased levels of what gas?

A

Carbon dioxide.

Medulla Oblongata overrides and jump starts breathing.

31
Q

Extended periods of hyperventilation would lead to a decrease in which gas?

A

Carbon dioxide

Inhibit ventilation

32
Q

An increased respiratory rate would have what effect on pH and CO2 levels

A

⬇️ CO2

33
Q

A decreased respiratory rate would have what effect on pH and CO2 levels?

A

⬆️ CO2

34
Q

Each alveolus is surround by ______

A

A network of capillaries

35
Q

Capillaries bring oxygenated/deoxygenated blood to the alveolus? From what structure?

A

Deoxygenated from the pulmonary arteries

36
Q

Where did the pulmonary arteries originate from in the heart?

A

Right ventricle

37
Q

The walls of the alveoli are how many cells thick

A

One

38
Q

What gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

A

Carbon dioxide is moved from the blood into the lungs and oxygen is moved into the blood

39
Q

The oxygenated blood returns to the _________ of the heart via the ________

A

Left atrium

Pulmonary veins

40
Q

What is the driving force for gas exchange at the alveoli?

A

Pressure differentials

41
Q

Is energy required for the transfer of gas at the alveoli?

A

No energy is required for a gas transfer at the alveoli. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move down there concentration gradient from the blood to the lungs and vice versa.

42
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Regulation of body temperature. Regulated by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

43
Q

Vasodilation vs Vasoconstriction

A

Capillaries expand, more blood can pass, larger amount of thermal energy dissipated.

Capillaries shrink less blood can pass… thermal energy conserved

44
Q

In what ways does the respiratory system (nose) display its immune function?

A

The hairs in the nose trap particulate matter and infectious particles. The nose also contains an enzyme called lysozyme that attacks the peptidoglycan wall of grandpa positive bacteria.

45
Q

In what ways does the respiratory system (lungs) display immune function

A

Mucus traps particulate matter and larger invaders.

Cilia propel mucus up the respiratory track to the oral cavity (mucocililary escalator).

The Alveoli contain numerous macrophages which engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system if there’s an invader.

Mucosal surfaces also contain IgA antibodies that help to protect against pathogens that contact the mucous membranes.

Mass cells also populate the lungs these cells have antibodies on their surfaces which attach to substances which releases inflammatory chemicals into the surrounding area to promote immune response.

46
Q

Bicarbonate buffer equation

A

CO2 + H2O ➡️⬅️ H2CO3➡️⬅️H+ +HCO3-

47
Q

What is the optimal pH level of the body

A

Between 7.35 and 7.45 

48
Q

When the body pH is acidic the brain sends signals to _________ respiratory rate.

A

Increase respiratory rate

Increase in blood CO2

49
Q

When the body pH is basic the brain sends signals to _________ respiratory rate.

A

Decrease respiratory rate

Decrease CO2

50
Q

Blood pH and respiratory rate

Respiratory rate and blood CO2

A

pH⬆️respiratory rate⬇️

respiratory rate ⬆️ CO2 ⬇️

Biology (14 decks)

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