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Biology > Chapter 4- Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What cells support and help myelinated neurons?

A

Glial/Neuroglia

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2
Q

Four types of Glial Cells/Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes: nourish neurons and form blood brain barrier (controls transmission of solutes from the bloodstream into nervous tissue)
Ependymal Cells: line ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid
Microglia: phagocytic cells break form waste product
Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells produce myelin in the CNS and PNS respectively
Oligodendrocytes:

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3
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

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4
Q

What is the threshold range for excitatory input?

A
  • 55 to - 40
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5
Q

What are the two types of summation?

A

Temporal- multiple signals in a relatively short period of time
Spatial- large number of signals in the same location

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6
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods?

A

Relative: requires greater than normal stimulation to cause an action potential
Absolute: no amount of stimulation will cause another action potential to occur.

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7
Q

Where are neuro transmitters stored?

A

In membrane bound vesicles in the cellular membrane near the nerve terminal

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8
Q

What ion is released at the nerve terminal to signal the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Calcium

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9
Q

What are the three main ways neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

Enzymatic breakdown, reuptake carriers bring the neurotransmitters back to the presynaptic neuron, simple diffusion

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10
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

10/12 of the cranial nerves (all except the optic and olfactory nerves)

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11
Q

What are the two types of reflex arcs?

A

Monosynaptic: single synapse between the sensory neuron that receives the stimulus and the motor neuron the responds to it.

Polysynaptic: at least one interneuron in between the sensory and motor neurons.

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12
Q

Which cells produce myelin in the CNS and PNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes: CNS

Schwann Cells: PNS

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13
Q

Bundle of nerves in the CNS vs PNS are called what?

A

Tracts- CNS
Nuclei- CNS (cell bodies of individual neurons within a tract cluster together in nuclei
Ganglia- PNS (cell bodies of neurons of the same type within a nerve)

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14
Q

What maintains the resting potential of a cell?

A

Na/K ATPase’s

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15
Q

How many Na/K’s are pumped in/out of the cell by Na/K ATPase’s?

A

2 K in

3 Na out

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16
Q

During depolarization what flows in/out of the cell?

A

Voltage gated Na channels are open and Na flows into neuron

17
Q

During repolarization what flows in/out of the cell?

A

Na channels close. Voltage gated K channels open and K flows out of the cell

18
Q

Depolarization vs Repolarization

A

Depolarization makes potential more positive

Depolarization makes potential more negative

19
Q

What is the peak of the action potential (number)?

A

+35 mV

20
Q

Hyperpolarization value

A

Below resting membrane potential (less than -70)

21
Q

Where does Na/K naturally want to flow?

A

Down their concentration gradient
Na naturally wants to flow into the cell
K naturally wants to flow out of the cell

22
Q

Concentration of Na/ K inside and outside of the cell

A

Na more outside

K more inside

23
Q

Where do neurotransmitters bind to on the postsynaptic cell?

A

Either ligand gated ion channels vs G protein coupled receptors

24
Q

What is the difference between white and grey matter?

A

Gray unmyelinated

White myelinated

25
Q

In the brain which is deeper? White/gray matter?

A

White myelinated

26
Q

In the spinal cord which is deeper? White/gray matter?

A

Gray matter

27
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Ability of the spinal cord to relay information to the source of a stimulus while simultaneously relaying information to the brain.

28
Q

Sensory (Afferent/Efferent)

Function

A

Afferent

Relays sensory information from the body to the brain for processing

29
Q

Motor (Afferent/Efferent)

Function

A

Sends information from the brain to the body for movement/activation etc.

30
Q

Sections of the spinal cord

A

Clerical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

31
Q

What things are innervated by the somatic branch of the nervous system?

A

Skin, joints, muscles

Sensory and Motor

32
Q

What functions does the autonomic branch of the nervous system control?

A

Heartbeat, Respiration, Digestion, Temperature Control

33
Q

How many spinal nerves and cranial nerves are there?

A

31 spinal

12 cranial

Biology (14 decks)

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