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Biology > Chapter 5 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Peptide Hormone

  • made of:
  • charged/nonpolar
  • binds to what type of receptor?
  • first/second messenger
  • slow/fast acting?
A
  • amino acids
  • charged (cant pass through plasma membrane)
  • extracellular
  • first messenger
  • fast acting short lived
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2
Q

Steroid Hormone

  • made of:
  • charged/nonpolar
  • binds to what type of receptor?
  • slow/fast acting
  • travel through blood stream unattended?
A
  • Cholesterol derivative
  • Nonpolar (can cross cell membrane)
  • intracellular/intranuclear
  • slow long lasting
  • needs carrier protein to travel through bloodstream
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3
Q

Amino Acid Hormone

  • made of:
  • charged/nonpolar
  • binds to what type of receptor?
  • First/second messenger
A
  • 1/2 AA’s c modifications

- varies hormone to hormone

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4
Q

Direct hormone

A

Directly acts on target tissue

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5
Q

Tropic Hormone

-Normally released from?

A

Requires intermediary (normally released by brain/anterior pituitary)

Brain/Anterior Pituitary Gland

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6
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (testes/ovaries), pineal glands

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7
Q

Hypothalamus bridges what two systems?

How:

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

Regulates pituitary gland through tropic hormones

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8
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

In the forebrain

Above pituitary gland/below the thalamus

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9
Q

Hypothalamus controls what other endocrine organ?

A

Pituitary: through paracrine hormone release into a hypophyseal portal system that connects the two organs (anterior pituitary)

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10
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), GHRH,TRH(thyroid releasing hormone),CRF (Corticotropin releasing factor),

PIF (prolactin inhibiting factor) dopamine causes decrease in prolactin secretion

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11
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Four pea sized structurrs on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

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12
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone

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13
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituirary?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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14
Q

What hormones are produced by the Thyroid

A

C cells- (parafollicular cells) Calcitonin

T cells-(follicular cells) T3, T4

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15
Q

What hormones are produced by parathyroids?

A

Parathyroid horme PTH

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16
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

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17
Q

What hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A

Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (gamma cells)

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19
Q

What hormone is produced from the testes?

A

Secreted from the tesis and adrenal cortex

Testosterone

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20
Q

What hormone is produced by the ovary

A

*ovary and the placenta

Estrogen

Progesterone

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21
Q

What hormones are produced by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

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22
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon of the brain

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23
Q

What hormone is released by the kidney?

A

Erythropoeitin

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24
Q

What hormone is produced by the heart?

What part of the heart produces it?

A

Atrial natriuertic peptide (ANP)

Atria

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25
Q

What hormone is produced by the thymus?

A

Thymosin

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26
Q

FSH

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • Stimulates follicle maturation in females, spermatogenesis in males
27
Q

LH

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates ovulation in females, testosterone synthesis in males

28
Q 
ACTH
(adrenocorticotropic hormone) 
-released by
-peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative 
-action
A

Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids 

29
Q

TSH

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

30
Q

Prolactin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates milk production and secretion

31
Q

Endorphins

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Decrease sensation of pain can promote euphoria

32
Q

Growth Hormone

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Anterior pituitary

Peptide

Stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels

(Prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids)

33
Q 
ADH
(Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin) 
-released by
-peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative 
-action
A

Poterior pituitary

Peptide

Secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity

Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of the collecting duct

34
Q

Oxytocin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Posterior pituitary

Peptide

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior

Positive feedback loop

35
Q

T3/T4

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Throid (follicular cells)

Amino acid derivative

Stimulates metabolic activity

Increased amounts of T3 and T4 will lead to increase cellular respiration. Which in turn leads to increased protein and fatty acid turnover by speeding above synthesis and degradation of these compounds.

36
Q

Calcitonin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Parafollicular (C) cells

Peptide

Decreased blood calcium concentrations

Decreases plasma calcium levels in three ways one: increasing calcium excretion from the kidneys, decrease in calcium absorption from the gut, increasing storage of calcium in the bone.

37
Q 
PTH
(Parathyroid Hormone)
-released by
-peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative 
-action
A

Parathyroids

Peptide

Increases blood calcium concentrations

Also promotes phosphorus homeostasis by increasing the reabsorption of phosphate from bone and reducing revolution of phosphate in the kidney period increases phosphate excretion in the urine.

38
Q 
Glucocorticoids 
(Cortisol/Cortisone) 
-released by
-peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative 
-action
A

Adrenal cortex

Steroid

Increase blood glucose concentrations, decrease protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory and immune response

39
Q

Mineralcorticoid

aldosterone
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action

A

Adrenal cortex

Steroid

Increase water reabsorption in the kidney by increasing sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule; promote potassium and hydrogen ion excretion

Plasma osmolarity remains unchanged because water follows solute.

40
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Adrenal medulla

Amino acid derivative

Increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns

41
Q

Glucagon

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Pancreas (alpha cells)
Peptide
Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) increases blood glucose concentrations

42
Q

Insulin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Pancreas (beta cells)

Peptide

Lowers blood glucose concentratoons and promotes anabolic processes (fat/protein synthesis)

Induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose and stored as Vicodin for later use

43
Q

Somatostatin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Pancreas (produced in the hypothalamus)

Peptide

Supresses secretion of glucagon and insulin. Secretion is stimulated in the presence of high blood glucose and amino acid concentrations.

Decreases growth hormone secretion

44
Q

Testosterone

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Testis (adrenal cortex)

Steroid

Induces the development and maintenance of male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone is released from the gonads in response to secretion of LH and FSH. 

45
Q

Estrogen

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Ovary and placenta
Steroid
Induces the development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics

46
Q

Progesterone

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Ovary and placenta
Steroid
Promotes maintenance of the endometrium

47
Q

Melatonin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Pineal gland

Peptide

Helps with the regulation of sleep wake cycles. Involved in circadian rhythms.

48
Q

Erythropoietin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Kidney

Peptide

Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells)

49
Q 
ANP
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 
-released by
-peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative 
-action
A

Heart (atria)

Peptide

Promotes salt and water excretion. Due to the excretion of sodium increases urine volume.

Functionally an antagonist to aldosterone because it lowers blood volume and pressure and has no effect on blood osmolarity.

50
Q

Thymosin

  • released by
  • peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
  • action
A

Thymus

Peptide

Stimulates T Cell Production.

51
Q

What is the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary through _______________ release of hormones into what portal system?

A

Paracrine

Hypophyseal portal system

53
Q

Paracrine

A

Relating to or denoting a hormone which has a fact only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

54
Q

Hypophysis

A

Another name for the pituitary

55
Q

How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary

A

It releases signals via neurons of the hypothalamus down the pituitary stalk directly into the posterior pituitary

56
Q

What is the role of the thyroid?

A

Setting basal metabolic rate and promoting calcium homeostasis

57
Q

Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism: characterized by authority, decreased body temperature, slowed respiratory and heart rate, cold intolerance, weight gain.

Hyperthyroidism: characterized by heightened activity level, increase body temperature, increase respiratory and heart rate, heat intolerance, weight loss

58
Q

What kind of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

Corticosteroids:

glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids cortical sex hormones

59
Q

Function of the corticosteroids

A
  1. Salt (mineralcorticoids)
  2. Sex (cortical sex steroid)
  3. Sugar (glucocorticoids)
60
Q

The three different types of cells in the pancreas

A

Alpha-Glucagon
Beta-Insulin
Delta-Somatostatin

61
Q

Glucagon triggers what processes in the cell?

A

Glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis degradation of protein and fat

62
Q

Polyuria Polydipsia

A

Increase frequency of urination

Increased thirst

Polyuria occurs when glucose crosses the cell membrane into filtrate which leads to excess excretion of water.

63
Q

Type 1 vs Type 2 DM

A

Type one – insulin dependent. Caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas resulting in low or absent insulin production.

Type two- insulin independent. The result of receptor level resistance to the effects of insulin. Partially inherited partially due to environmental factors.

Biology (14 decks)

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