Chapter 5 Endocrine System Flashcards
Peptide Hormone
- made of:
- charged/nonpolar
- binds to what type of receptor?
- first/second messenger
- slow/fast acting?
- amino acids
- charged (cant pass through plasma membrane)
- extracellular
- first messenger
- fast acting short lived
Steroid Hormone
- made of:
- charged/nonpolar
- binds to what type of receptor?
- slow/fast acting
- travel through blood stream unattended?
- Cholesterol derivative
- Nonpolar (can cross cell membrane)
- intracellular/intranuclear
- slow long lasting
- needs carrier protein to travel through bloodstream
Amino Acid Hormone
- made of:
- charged/nonpolar
- binds to what type of receptor?
- First/second messenger
- 1/2 AA’s c modifications
- varies hormone to hormone
Direct hormone
Directly acts on target tissue
Tropic Hormone
-Normally released from?
Requires intermediary (normally released by brain/anterior pituitary)
Brain/Anterior Pituitary Gland
Endocrine glands
-hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (testes/ovaries), pineal glands
Hypothalamus bridges what two systems?
How:
Nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates pituitary gland through tropic hormones
Where is the hypothalamus located?
In the forebrain
Above pituitary gland/below the thalamus
Hypothalamus controls what other endocrine organ?
Pituitary: through paracrine hormone release into a hypophyseal portal system that connects the two organs (anterior pituitary)
What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), GHRH,TRH(thyroid releasing hormone),CRF (Corticotropin releasing factor),
PIF (prolactin inhibiting factor) dopamine causes decrease in prolactin secretion
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Four pea sized structurrs on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone
What hormones are produced by the posterior pituirary?
ADH and Oxytocin
What hormones are produced by the Thyroid
C cells- (parafollicular cells) Calcitonin
T cells-(follicular cells) T3, T4
What hormones are produced by parathyroids?
Parathyroid horme PTH
What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
What hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
What hormones are produced by the pancreas?
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (gamma cells)
What hormone is produced from the testes?
Secreted from the tesis and adrenal cortex
Testosterone
What hormone is produced by the ovary
*ovary and the placenta
Estrogen
Progesterone
What hormones are produced by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
Where is the pineal gland located?
The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon of the brain
What hormone is released by the kidney?
Erythropoeitin
What hormone is produced by the heart?
What part of the heart produces it?
Atrial natriuertic peptide (ANP)
Atria
What hormone is produced by the thymus?
Thymosin
FSH
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- Stimulates follicle maturation in females, spermatogenesis in males
LH
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates ovulation in females, testosterone synthesis in males
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action
Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids 
TSH
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
Prolactin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates milk production and secretion
Endorphins
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Decrease sensation of pain can promote euphoria
Growth Hormone
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Anterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels
(Prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids)
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action
Poterior pituitary
Peptide
Secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity
Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of the collecting duct
Oxytocin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Posterior pituitary
Peptide
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior
Positive feedback loop
T3/T4
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Throid (follicular cells)
Amino acid derivative
Stimulates metabolic activity
Increased amounts of T3 and T4 will lead to increase cellular respiration. Which in turn leads to increased protein and fatty acid turnover by speeding above synthesis and degradation of these compounds.
Calcitonin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Parafollicular (C) cells
Peptide
Decreased blood calcium concentrations
Decreases plasma calcium levels in three ways one: increasing calcium excretion from the kidneys, decrease in calcium absorption from the gut, increasing storage of calcium in the bone.
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action
Parathyroids
Peptide
Increases blood calcium concentrations
Also promotes phosphorus homeostasis by increasing the reabsorption of phosphate from bone and reducing revolution of phosphate in the kidney period increases phosphate excretion in the urine.
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol/Cortisone) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action
Adrenal cortex
Steroid
Increase blood glucose concentrations, decrease protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory and immune response
Mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Adrenal cortex
Steroid
Increase water reabsorption in the kidney by increasing sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule; promote potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
Plasma osmolarity remains unchanged because water follows solute.
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Adrenal medulla
Amino acid derivative
Increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns
Glucagon
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Pancreas (alpha cells)
Peptide
Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) increases blood glucose concentrations
Insulin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Pancreas (beta cells)
Peptide
Lowers blood glucose concentratoons and promotes anabolic processes (fat/protein synthesis)
Induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose and stored as Vicodin for later use
Somatostatin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Pancreas (produced in the hypothalamus)

Peptide
Supresses secretion of glucagon and insulin. Secretion is stimulated in the presence of high blood glucose and amino acid concentrations.
Decreases growth hormone secretion
Testosterone
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Testis (adrenal cortex)
Steroid
Induces the development and maintenance of male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone is released from the gonads in response to secretion of LH and FSH. 
Estrogen
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Ovary and placenta
Steroid
Induces the development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Ovary and placenta
Steroid
Promotes maintenance of the endometrium
Melatonin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Pineal gland
Peptide
Helps with the regulation of sleep wake cycles. Involved in circadian rhythms.
Erythropoietin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Kidney
Peptide
Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells)
ANP Atrial Natriuretic Peptide -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action
Heart (atria)
Peptide
Promotes salt and water excretion. Due to the excretion of sodium increases urine volume.
Functionally an antagonist to aldosterone because it lowers blood volume and pressure and has no effect on blood osmolarity.
Thymosin
- released by
- peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative
- action
Thymus
Peptide
Stimulates T Cell Production.
What is the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary through _______________ release of hormones into what portal system?
Paracrine
Hypophyseal portal system
Paracrine
Relating to or denoting a hormone which has a fact only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it
Hypophysis
Another name for the pituitary
How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary
It releases signals via neurons of the hypothalamus down the pituitary stalk directly into the posterior pituitary
What is the role of the thyroid?
Setting basal metabolic rate and promoting calcium homeostasis
Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism: characterized by authority, decreased body temperature, slowed respiratory and heart rate, cold intolerance, weight gain.
Hyperthyroidism: characterized by heightened activity level, increase body temperature, increase respiratory and heart rate, heat intolerance, weight loss
What kind of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
Corticosteroids:
glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids cortical sex hormones
Function of the corticosteroids
- Salt (mineralcorticoids)
- Sex (cortical sex steroid)
- Sugar (glucocorticoids)
The three different types of cells in the pancreas
Alpha-Glucagon
Beta-Insulin
Delta-Somatostatin
Glucagon triggers what processes in the cell?
Glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis degradation of protein and fat
Polyuria Polydipsia
Increase frequency of urination
Increased thirst
Polyuria occurs when glucose crosses the cell membrane into filtrate which leads to excess excretion of water.
Type 1 vs Type 2 DM
Type one – insulin dependent. Caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas resulting in low or absent insulin production.
Type two- insulin independent. The result of receptor level resistance to the effects of insulin. Partially inherited partially due to environmental factors.
