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Biology > Chapter 1- The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles and do not have nuclei. Instead they have a region that consists of their genetic information called the nucleoid.

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2
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotes? What are the differences.

A

Bacteria and Archea.

Archea a live in harsh conditions extreme hot or cold, extremely acidic etc. Bacteria have interesting relationships with humans including mutualistic and pathogenic.

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3
Q

What are the three different ways you can classify bacteria?

A

❤️Shape
Cocci: Sphere
Bacilli: Rod Shaped
Spirilli. Spiral

❤️Metabolic process
Obligate Aerobe-Can’t metabolize without O2
Obligate Anerobe-Can’t metabolize in O2
Facultative Anaerobe-Can metabolize in either
Aerotolerant Anaerobe- Can survive with O2 but can’t metabolize

❤️Staining
Gram-Positive bacteria: Stain purple. Thick cell wall.
Gram-Negative bacteria: Stain pink/red. Thin cell wall.

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4
Q

Size of prokaryotes and eukaryotes ribosomes.

A

Prokaryotes 30+50=70

Eukaryotes 40+60=80

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5
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Piece of genetic information that contains information regarding antibiotic resistance/virulence factor.

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6
Q

What is an episome?

A

Plasmid that has implemented into host genome.

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7
Q

What is a transposon?

A

A piece of bacterial genetic information that can insert or remove itself from a genome.

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8
Q

What are the three different types of genetic combination that increases bacterial diversity?

A

Conjugation-Bridges formed between a positive and F negative cell transmission of plasmid occurs.
Transformation-Recipient cell uptake of bacterial DNA from environment.
Transduction-Injection of genetic information/DNA from bacteriophage.

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9
Q

What are the four phases of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Lag phase-No growth bacteria work to adapt to a new environment.

Exponential phase-Cells adapt to new environments and grow at an exponential rate

Stationary phase-Resources reduced growth levels off

Death face-Resources depleted cells die

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10
Q

What can epithelial tissue be classified by?

A

❤️Number of layers-
Simple- 1 layer
Stratified-Multi layered
Pseudo-Stratified- False appearance of multiple layers

❤️Shape of cells
Cuboidal- Cube
Columnar-Column
Squamous- Scalelike

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11
Q

What is the role of epithelial tissue and connective tissue?

A

❤️Epithelial Tissue- l covers the body and its cavities

Forms parenchyma (functional part) of an organ.

❤️Connective Tissue-Provides support for epithelial tissue.

Forms stroma (support structure) of an organ.

Examples: bones, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood, tendons

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12
Q

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton and eukaryotes?

A

Microfilaments-Structure
Made of Actin (interacts with myosin for muscle contraction and composes cleavage furrow in cytokinesis)

Microtubules-Movement (Cilia and Flagella)
Made of tubulin (9+2 Structure)

Ex. Centrioles arranges in centrosomes during mitosis

Intermediate Filaments-Anchors Organelles and assists with cell to cell adhesion

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Site in eukaryotes of where genetic information is confined.

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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Sites of rRNA production

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15
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered in ribosomes which is the site of protein synthesis

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16
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies packages and transports cellular products to various parts of the cell.

17
Q

What is the function of peroxisome’s?

A

Peroxisome’s contain peroxide which breaks down long fatty acid chains (beta oxidation)

They also synthesize phospholipids and participate in the pentose phosphate pathway.

18
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes breakdown substances in golfed in cell via endocytosis. They also released hydrolytic enzymes which triggers autolysis

19
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria produces energy for the cell.

It is the site of electron transport chain.

It can trigger apoptosis by releasing mitochondrial enzymes.

It is double stranded and divides independently from the nucleus via binary fission.

20
Q

What is the difference between autolysis and apoptosis?

A

Auto lysis occurs when a cell is distracted by its own digestive enzymes.

Apoptosis is programmed cell death which occurs in healthy tissues as a part of normal growth and development.

21
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood

Biology (14 decks)

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