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Biology > Chapter 12- Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Each human inherits how many alleles of each gene

A

Two (one from mom, one from dad)

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2
Q

What is the difference between homozygous, heterozygous and hemizygous

A

Homozygous- two of the same alleles
Heterozygous- two different alleles
Hemizygous- only one allele present for a given gene

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3
Q

Complete dominance

A

When only one dominant and one recessive gene exist for a given gene. Dominant masks recessive.

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4
Q

Codominance

A

When two dominant alleles exist for one allele

Both alleles express traits simultaneously

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5
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When a heterozygous pair shows blend of the two characteristics (red and white= pink)

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6
Q

Penetrance

A

Number of individuals in a population who carry the allele AND actually express the phenotype.

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7
Q

Expressivity

A

Varying phenotype for given genotype

Constant same phenotype
Variable differing phenotypes despite same genotype

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8
Q

Silent Mutation

A

When a change in nucleotide has no effect on the final proteins synthesized from the gene

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9
Q

Missense

A

When they change a nucleotide results in substituting one amino acid for another in the final protein

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10
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

When they change the nucleotide results in substituting one amino acid for a stop codon

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11
Q

What are the three types of single chromosome mutations?

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion

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12
Q

What are two types of multiple chromosomal mutations

A

Insertion, translocation

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13
Q

What is leakage?

A

Flow of genes BETWEEN species

mule/ beefalo

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14
Q

What is genetic drift?

Example?

A

Changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance.

Founder effect

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15
Q

Founder effect

A

Extreme case of genetic drift.

Small population of species finds itself in reproductive isolation from other populations as a result of natural barriers for catastrophic events.

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16
Q

Bottleneck

A

Cause for drastically and suddenly reducing the size of the population available for breeding

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17
Q

Inbreeding

A

Meeting between two genetically related individuals

Leads to a decrease in genetic diversity

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18
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

The negative results of inbreeding that causes reduced fitness of a population because of the loss of genetic variation

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19
Q

Outbreeding/Outcrossing

A

Introduction of unrelated individuals into a breeding group

Increases the fitness of the population.

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20
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A

Nucleotide mutations and chromosomal mutations

21
Q

What are the 5 types of chromosomal mutations?

A

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Insertion, Translocation

22
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Deletion of a large segment of DNA

23
Q

Duplication mutation

A

Segment of DNA is copied multiple times

24
Q

Inversion mutation

A

Segment of DNA is reversed

25
Q

Insertion

A

Segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

26
Q

Translocation mutation

A

When a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome

27
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

Likelihood of two alleles being separated by crossing over

28
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg Principle

A

As long as population meets certain criteria, allele frequency will remain constant.

29
Q

What are the two Hardy Weinberg equations? What are the differences?

A

p+q=1 (frequency of dominant/recessive alleles)

p^2+2pq+q^2=1 (frequency of genotypes/phenotypes)

30
Q

Result of a heterozygous mono hybrid cross?

A

1: 2:1 (homo dominant, heterozygous, homo recessive)
3: 1 phenotypical

31
Q

Result of a homo dom vs homo recessive mono hybrid cross

A

100% heterozygotes

32
Q

Test Cross (back cross)

A

Used to determine the unknown genotype of a parent

33
Q

Test cross results

A

?? X rr = all heterozygous unknown likely homozygous dominant

?? X rr = 50/50 unknown likely heterozygous

34
Q

Dihybrid cross for heterozygous traits

A

9:3:3:1

Homo dom, hetero one, hetero other, homo rec

35
Q

Result of sex link trait where mother is a carrier and father is unaffected vs mother carrier and father is affected?

A

A. 25% affected male (1/2 female carrier)

B. 50% affected male and female (1/2 female, 1/2 male)

36
Q

Natural selection

A

Chance variations exist between individuals and advantageous variations

Increases an individuals fitness for survival/adaptation

37
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

theory in evolutionary biology in which an organism’s genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behaviour.

38
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity

39
Q

What are the different types types of selection that lead to changes in phenotype?

A

Stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection

40
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Avoids extremes, keeps phenotypes in narrow range (weight in babies when born)

41
Q

Directional selection

A

Moves the average phenotype towards one extreme

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

42
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Two different phenotypes at the extremes which can lead to speciation

Bird beak

43
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new species through evolution

44
Q

Differential reproduction

A

When a mutation or recombination results in a change that is favorable to the organisms reproductive success

Change is more likely to pass on tot the next generation

45
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When two species sharing a COMMON ancestor become more DIFFERENT

46
Q

Parallel evolution

A

When two species sharing a COMMON ancestor evolve in similar ways

47
Q

Convergent evolution

A

When two species NOT SHARING COMMON ancestor become more SIMILAR due to analogous selection pressures

48
Q

Molecular clock model

A

Degree if difference between two species related to the amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor

Biology (14 decks)

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