Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 7- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which side of the heart is oxygenated versus deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated on the left. Deoxygenated on the right.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pneumonic for the atrioventricular valves

A

LAB RAT

Left atrium- Bicuspid
Right atrium- Tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pulmonary circulation versus systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation comes from the left side of the heart which is oxygenated blood.

Systemic circulation comes from the blank side of the heart which carries deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Between the atria and the ventricles which has thicker walls?

A

Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves and semi lunar valves of the heart?

A

Allow the heart muscle to create the pressure within the ventricles necessary to propel the blood forward within the circulation while also preventing backflow of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

The tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the valve that separates the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

The bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structures are separated by the pulmonary valve?

A

The right ventricle and pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structures are separated by the aortic valve?

A

The left ventricle and the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Between the left and right side of the heart which is more muscular and why?

A

The left side of the heart is more muscular than the rights due to the force needed to pump blood throughout the whole body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four electrically excitable structures in the heart

A

The SA node (Sino atrial), the AV node (atrial ventricular), the bundle of His (AV bundle) beaches of the bundle of his (purkinje fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the SA node located? What is the effect?

A

In the wall of the right atrium. Does not require neurological inputs.

Causes both atria to contract simultaneously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ventricular contraction or relaxation causes the ventricles to fill?

A

Relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Systole vs Diastole

A

Systole- Ventricular contraction (ventricles empty, atria fill)

Diastole- Ventricular relaxation (atria empty, ventricles fill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Systole

A

Atrial pressure increases forces blood into ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

At the junction of the atria and ventricles. Signal is delayed to allow the ventricles to fill completely before contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the bundle of his located?

Purkinje fibers?

A

Inbetween the two ventricles. Branch down in around both ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The muscle cells of the hearts are connected by what?

A

Intercolated discs which contain many gap junctions that allow coordinated ventricular contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Normal heart rate

A

60-109 bpm

Athletes have lower heart rate of 40 to 50 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The circulatory system is under what type of control?

A

Autonomic control

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system. Parasympathetic signals provided by the vagus nerve slow down the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute.

CO=HRxSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Heart Rate

A

Beats per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that branch off of the aorta and distribute blood flow toward peripheral tissues.

Contain more smooth muscle than veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Arterioles

A

Branches from arteries lead to capillaries which perfuse the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Capillaries

A

Thinnest branches from the arteries. Perfuse into tissue.

Single endothelial cell layer allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients, wastes. Allows for diffusion of hormones into the blood.

Join together to form venules which then form veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does venous blood empty?

A

Into the superior and inferior vena cava on the right side of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of cells line blood vessels?

A

Endothelial cells.

Release chemicals that aid in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Release chemicals when damaged that are involved in the formation of blood clots.

Allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall into tissues during inflammatory response. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What arteries contain deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary and umbilical arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Veins

A

Thin walled inelastic vessels that transport blood to the heart.

Deoxygenated blood

3/4 total blood is venous blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

SVC superior vena cava

A

Returns blood from the portions of the body above the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

IVC Inferior vena cava

A

Returns blood to the heart from the portions of the body below the heart.

34
Q

Three portal systems

A

Systems where blood passes through two capillary beds in series before returning to the heart.

Generally only passes through one before returning to the heart.

35
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood leaving capillary beds in the gut pass through the hepatic portal vein before reaching the capillary veins in the liver.

36
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Blood leaving the capillary beds in the hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones.

37
Q

Renal portal system

A

Blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron (vasa recta)

38
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood

39
Q

Three major categories of the cellular portion of blood

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

40
Q

All blood cells originate from what stem cells? Where?

A

Hematopoietic

Stem cells

41
Q

Each hemoglobin can find how many oxygen molecules?

A

4

42
Q

How do you red blood cells generate ATP?

A

They rely entirely on glycolysis for ATP.

They do not carry out oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. As RBC’s mature the nuclei mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are lost to make room for hemoglobin.

43
Q

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

Red blood cells live in the bloodstream for 120 days before cells in the liver and spleen Fego the ties old red blood cells and recycle them for their parts.

44
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

A measure of how much of the blood sample consist of red blood cells given as a percentage.

45
Q

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

46
Q

What type of reactions are granular leukocytes involved with in the body?

A

Inflammatory response reactions, allergies, pus formation, destruction of bacteria and parasites

47
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes monocytes

48
Q

What role do a granulocytes play in the body?

A

Important in specific immune response or the bodies targeted fight against particular pathogen such as viruses and bacteria.

49
Q

And what are the locations for lymphocyte maturation?

A

Bone marrow- B Cells Responsible for antibody generation

Thymus- T Cells kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells


50
Q

What is the difference between a monocyte within the bloodstream versus in an organ?

A

I’m on a site in the bloodstream is termed a monocytes, when they travel into an organ they are called macrophages.

Each organs macrophage population may have a specific name for example microglia are macrophages within the central nervous system, macrophages in the skin or terms Langerhans cells in the bone they are called osteoclasts.

51
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes.

Responsible for blood clotting.

52
Q

The production of blood cells and platelets is called what

A

Hematopoiesis 

53
Q

Erythropoietin vs Thrombopoietin

A

Erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell development.

Thrombopoiesis secreted by the liver and kidneys stimulates mainly platelet development.

54
Q

Antigen

A

Any target (usually a protein) to which the immune system can react 🔻

55
Q

Antibody

A

a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen.

56
Q

Universal donor and universal recipient

A

Donor: O
Recipient: AB

57
Q

Why is Rh factor important when it comes to maternal fetal medicine?

A

Because Rh antibodies readily cross the placenta, a Rh - mother who carries an
Rh + fetus can begin to make antibodies against Rh factor which ultimately leads to erythroblastosis fetalis where the anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the fetal blood cells resulting in hemolysis of the fetal cells.

58
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A
  • maintains blood pressure
  • gas and solute exchange
  • coagulation
  • thermoregulation
59
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

90/60-120/80

60
Q

What regulates blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

Specialized neurons that detect changes in the mechanical forces on the walls of the vessel.

61
Q

What regulates blood osmolarity?

A

Chemoreceptors

Sense when the osmolarity of the blood is too high (dehydration) causes release of ADH/vasopressin

62
Q

What waste products diffuse into the blood at the capillaries?

A

CO2, H2, Urea, Ammonia

63
Q

Effect of length and cross sectional area on resistance

A

Longer, more resistance

Thicker, less resistance

64
Q

Effect of vasoconstriction vs vasodilation on blood pressure

A

Vasoconstriction increases bp

Vasodilation decreases bp

65
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

Percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen

normal is above 97%

66
Q

Bonding and removal of oxygen to hemoglobin positive feedback or negative feedback

A

Positive

67
Q

Effect of low pH on hemoglobins affinity to oxygen

A

High H+ concentration results in a reduction of hemoglobins affinity for oxygen.

68
Q

Shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin curve represents way?

A

Decreased affinity for oxygen

⬆️ PaCO2 ⬆️ H+ ⬇️pH

Greater offloading of oxygen onto the tissues.

69
Q

Partial pressure of O2

A

Level of oxygen in the blood

Normal PaO2 is approximately 70-10mHg

70
Q

Partial pressure of exercising tissue

A

200mmHg

71
Q

Causes of right shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve

A
  • exercise
  • increased PaCO2
  • increased H+
  • increased temperature
  • increased 2,3 BPG
72
Q

Between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin which has a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

Fetal hemoglobin

Shift to the left on the oxyhemoglobin curve 

73
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls

Pushes fluid out of the bloodstream into interstitium through the capillaries

74
Q

Osmotic/oncotic pressure

A

Sucking pressure generated by solutes to draw water into the bloodstream

75
Q

Lymphatic fluid is returned to the __________ by the __________.

A

Central circulatory system

Thoracic duct

76
Q

What force balances hydrostatic and on optic pressures?

A

Starling forces

77
Q

Coagulation factors secreted by what organ?

A

The liver

78
Q

Result of the activation of coagulation factors from the liver

A

Activation of prothrombin which forms thrombin (thromboplastin)

Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

79
Q

Role of fibrin in coagulation

A

Forms small fibers that aggregate and cross link into a net that captures red blood cells and other platelets that covers over the area of damage.

80
Q

What triggers platelets to aggregate?

A

When endothelium of a vessel is damaged it exposes the underlying connective tissues which contains collagen and tissue factor.

When platelets come in contact with exposed collagen they sense this as an evidence of injury and aggregate.

81
Q

What is responsible for the breakdown of clots?

A

Plasmin derived from plasminogen

82
Q

What molecule allows for platelets to adhere to protein/fibrinogen?

A

Alpha/beta integrin molecules

Integrin molecules bind to circulating proteins including fibrinogen which form bridges to additional platelets

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions