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Usask year 3.1 > Psychology 253 > Flashcards

Psychology 253 Flashcards

1
Q

what did aristotle focus on?

A

thought and reason and memory

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2
Q

what did aristotle believe about the brain

A

it was to cool blood and it was too complicated

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3
Q

what did aristotle think of the body/mind

A

he thought that the mid existed outside of the body and that the mind was a non material thing

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4
Q

where did aristotle believe memories were stored

A

in your heart

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5
Q

aristotle: Does the mind die

A

when a person dies the mind becomes a soul but the soul cant die

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6
Q

what did Descartes believe in?

A

the brain directs basic mechanical behaviours (how u see, hear, move and feel

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7
Q

What did Immanuel Kant believe in?

A

The critique of pure reason and that the human experience is drawn from the mind

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8
Q

what did immanuel kant belive in for the world and why?

A

he believed there would be world peace because everyone thinks the same

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9
Q

who created the first experimental psych lab?

A

wilhelm wundt

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10
Q

what tool measures a stress response?

A

kymograph

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11
Q

what tool measures reaction time?

A

chronoscape

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12
Q

what did franz donder create

A

the donders task

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13
Q

what task requires decision making through reaction time?

A

the donders task

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14
Q

what is the donders task

A

requires decision making through reaction time simple vs choice by pushing a button

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15
Q

what is the subtraction method

A

two tasks that are identical, but one task uses a hypothesized mental operation and the other does not.

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16
Q

what did ebbinghaus do

A

he experimented with his own memory by memorizing nonsense words

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17
Q

what did ebbinghaus memory experiment prove

A

by reviewing new information at key moments on the Forgetting Curve, you can reduce the rate at which you forget it!

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17
Q

who was the king of structrualism?

A

edward titchner

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18
Q

what was edward titchners goal

A

to determine the basic elements of the conscious mind

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19
Q

what did edward titchner focus on?

A

sensations images and feelings INTROSPECTION

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20
Q

placing an apple in front of you and then asking what are your thoughts and experiences associated with that apple is what type of introspection?

A

direct introspection (direct-ly in front of u)

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21
Q

Imagine an apple now tell me your thoughts abt it what type of introspection is this?

A

indirect introspection (in-your head)

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22
Q

what did william james do?

A

studied human psychology outside the lab?

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23
Q

who studied psych outside the lab?

A

william james

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24
Q

who focused on the role of the subconscious in human thought and behaviour

A

sigmund freud

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25
Q

who focused on dream analysis

A

sigmund freud

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26
Q

what did freud believe about dream analysis

A

it was the unconcious mind expressing itself

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27
Q

who worked with dogs

A

ivan pavlov

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28
Q

classical conditioning was studied by who

A

ivan pavlov

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29
Q

what did pavlov believe

A

learned associations between learning and rewards

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30
Q

Your dog loves to go on walks around the neighborhood. You begin an experiment by clapping your hand 3 times before getting the least to walk your dog. Soon every time you clap your hands the dog comes running. This is an example of what concept?

A

classical conditioning

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31
Q

who worked with little albert

A

john watson

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32
Q

john watson believed what?

A

behaviour could be changed through conditioning

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33
Q

watson left acadamia and went into what

A

advertising

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34
Q

what were in watsons ads

A

the ads formed association betweens the product and the desired emotion

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35
Q

who focused on external behaviour

A

bf skinner

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36
Q

what did bf skinner believe in

A

human behaviour could be shaped thru operant conditioning

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37
Q

Bf skinner used schedules of….

A

reinforcment or punishment

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38
Q

who created the cognitive map

A

edward tolman

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39
Q

what did edward tolman believe in

A

behaviour is influenced by purpose and expectation not just stimulus response

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40
Q

what was george miller concerned with

A

mental functions based on how we think remember and make decisions

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41
Q

who helped in the development of ai

A

george miller

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42
Q

What did ulric neisser create?

A

the information processing theory

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43
Q

what is the info processing theory broad?

A

it takes sensory signals then turns them into early processing and then further deeper processing

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44
Q

what is the info processing theory (specific)?

A

shallow at first via vibrations sensory signals then language, the meaning, thoughts, responses

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45
Q

blood flow is caused by

A

hormones and oxygen

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46
Q

the nervous system is made up of

A

sensory input and muscles and joints

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47
Q

the brain is divided into

A

cognition and perception

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48
Q

what part of the brain is this: Auditory processing, language & memory, taste & smell

A

temporal

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49
Q

What part of the brain is this responsible for touch and spatial awareness

A

parietal

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50
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for visual processing

A

occipital lobe

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51
Q

whats in the meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space and pia mater in that order

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52
Q

what part of the brain is this: planning organizing and impulse control

A

frontal lobe

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53
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid

A

supports spine
waste removal
constantly being used and recycled

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54
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

A

in betweeen the brain ventricles and the subarachnoid spaces

55
Q

what are the 2 surface features of the brain called?

A

sulcus gryrus

56
Q

what is the sulcus (ridges and groves

A

its a segregated brain area that inhances surface area

57
Q

what is the gyrus (folds bumps

A

increases the surface are of the brain

58
Q

brain orientation 6 ways what are they?

A

dorsal medial lateral posterior anterior ventral

59
Q

toward the face

A

anterior

60
Q

posterior

A

behind toward the back

61
Q

toward the edge

A

lateral

62
Q

toward the top of the brain or back of the spinal cord

A

dorsal

63
Q

ventral

A

toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord

64
Q

toward the middle

A

medial

65
Q

what is the forebrain responsible for

A

complex behaviour like problem solving language and thought

66
Q

what part of the BODY is responsible for survival based behaviours

A

brainstem and midbrain

67
Q

whats the difference between a stroke hemmoraghic and an ischemic stroke

A

stroke blood stays with blood hemorhagic blood goes with brain cells and ischemic blood clot causes stroke

68
Q

what test detects glucose in blood

A

pet scans

69
Q

what do pet scans use

A

radioactice traseer

70
Q

what is an fmri used for

A

oxygen changes in blood

71
Q

what uses a light injector that goes past the scalp

A

near infrared spectroscopy

72
Q

cns vs pns

A

central nervous system: two organs, brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system is everything else and nerves

73
Q

how do electrical signals travel between neurons

A

start from the dendrites then the cell body then to the the axon thru the myelin sheath node of ranvier and then the axon terminals and lastly the synapse

74
Q

what do dendrites do

A

location for where a neuron recieves input from other cells

74
Q

whats the cell bodys job

A

central part of a neuron

75
Q

what does the myelin sheath do?

A

passes electrical impulses along nerve cells

75
Q

what the node of ranvier do?

A

allows ions to difuse in and out of the neuron

76
Q

whats action potential

A

electrical wave that travels along the axon

77
Q

whats an agonist drug

A

they enhance the experience and allow a neuron to release more neurotransmitters

78
Q

whats an antagonist drug

A

blocks the activation of some receptors and prevents a biological response

79
Q

whats an eeg

A

it detects activity in the brain in the form of electrical wave patterns

80
Q

what is it called when they test and monitor neurons on animals specifically monkeys

A

single cell recording

81
Q

what was single cell recording used to analyze in monkeys

A

different hand grips associated with specific neurons

82
Q

what comes first sensation or perception

A

sensation

83
Q

what is proximal stimuli

A

the rays of light actually hitting the retina

83
Q

what is distal stimuli

A

an object that provides information for the proximal stimuli like a shoe on the ground

84
Q

what is an example of distal stimuli

A

person looking at a shoe on the floor because the distal stimuli provides info for the proximal stimulus

85
Q

whats an example of proximal stimulus

A

when a person sees a dog because the dog the distal stimulus created a image proximal that was interpreted as a dog

86
Q

what is transduction

A

conversion of energy into another ie smelling smoke and thinking something is burning

87
Q

what is perception and an example

A

recognition and interpretation of sensory information ie) smelling baking but thinking of your grandma baking

87
Q

what do people test physiological perception for

A

uses brain imaging to see how stress affects heart rate

88
Q

whats self report measures

A

patient self reported most widely used to measure emotions and are based on the patients percieved experiences

89
Q

whats the condition where u have troble recognizing peoples faces

A

prosopagnosia

90
Q

whats default mode network

A

hilights areas of your brain that are most active when. you are at rest

91
Q

whats an example of default mode network?

A

daydreaming

92
Q
A
92
Q

what is the trial and errror approach to problem solving

A

try different solutions until u find one that works

93
Q

whats the algorithm approach

A

Algorithms are comprehensive step-by-step procedures

94
Q

whats the mental set approach

A

A mental set is a tendency to only use solutions that have worked in the past rather than looking for alternative ideas.

95
Q

whats the hill climbing strategy

A

a person generally picks what appears to be the most direct route to the goal at each step.

96
Q

what is the tower of hanoi

A

go straight toward the end goal, sometimes going backwards puts you closer to the goal

97
Q

whats sophisticated type thinking

A

understanding concepts generating original ideas

98
Q

which factor is harder to predict transient or enduring

A

Transient factors tend to be harder to predict than enduring factors, which are more stable.

Traffic accidents or unpleasant odours and noises vs a store with a disliked geographic location

98
Q

whats type 1 thinking?

A

doesnt pay alot of attention and comes to a decision quickly

99
Q

whats type 2 thinking

A

slow and decisive

100
Q

whats a representative heurietic?

A

biased judgment made in every day life

101
Q

whats an example of a representative heuristic

A

if someones wearing a suit and holding a brief case u think that there a lawyer

102
Q

whats the availability heuristic?

A

describes the mental shortcut where we make decision based on emotional cues familiar facts and vivid images

103
Q

whats gamblers fallacy?

A

past events can influence future events that are entirely independent of them in realityin other words if something keeps happening in the past its likely to switch up but it may not

104
Q

what is base rate in memory?

A

any idea that comes to mind thats readily available

105
Q

Whats anchoring?

A

a cognitive bias that human tendency relies heavily on the first piece of info offered when making decisions

106
Q

whats the ultimatuum game?

A

a game where one player makes an offer to another player about a sum of money that the two must split between them, and the responder must then either accept or reject this offer.

107
Q

what does the ultimatum game represent?

A

it illustrates the human unwillingness to accept injustice

108
Q

what is affective forecasting

A

prediction of how we weill feel about future emotional events

if a college student was currently in a negative mood because he just found out he failed a test, and if the college student forecasted how much he would enjoy a party two weeks later, his current negative mood may influence his forecast.

109
Q

paradox of choice

A

having too many choices actually limits our freedom

110
Q

whats confirmation bias

A

find info that conforms to your info

111
Q

whats the framing effect?

A

occurs when people react differently to something depending on whether it was presented positively or negativly

112
Q

what the overall message of the framing effect

A

we like to win but we really hate to lose, therefore, the negative feeling ways heavier then the positive

113
Q

what 3 things are decision making based on

A

incomplete information, biases or beliefs and how the problem is framed

114
Q

in decion making what is a cost?

A

a cost moves u further away from ur goal

115
Q

in decision making what is a benefit?

A

a benefit is when it moves you closer to ur goal

116
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

making judgments and seeing patterns

117
Q

what is deductive reasoning

A

making predictions and making a hypothesis

118
Q

what can a eeg detect

A

dyslexia

119
Q

what does an eeg detect for dyyslexia patients

A

visual word form area and phonological processing regions

120
Q

whats dual route model of reading

A

looks at the kinds of strategies children might adopt when learning to read and spell irredular words

121
Q

in dual route what is the direct route

A

sight reading

122
Q

what is indirect route in dual route

A

sounding out

123
Q

whats a pseudo word

A

a non sense word that can be understood thru grammar rules

124
Q

what written language affects dyslexia the most

A

all of them

125
Q

whats the rate of dyslexia in identical twins

A

68%

126
Q

in reading letter sequenced are recognized but entire words are processed in…

A

parallel

127
Q

eye movements during reading is made up of what

A

saccades and fixations

128
Q

saccades are what

A

a rapid movement of the eye between fixation points.

129
Q

what is a fixation

A

brief pauses to take in information

Usask year 3.1 (11 decks)

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