Psychology 253 Flashcards
what did aristotle focus on?
thought and reason and memory
what did aristotle believe about the brain
it was to cool blood and it was too complicated
what did aristotle think of the body/mind
he thought that the mid existed outside of the body and that the mind was a non material thing
where did aristotle believe memories were stored
in your heart
aristotle: Does the mind die
when a person dies the mind becomes a soul but the soul cant die
what did Descartes believe in?
the brain directs basic mechanical behaviours (how u see, hear, move and feel
What did Immanuel Kant believe in?
The critique of pure reason and that the human experience is drawn from the mind
what did immanuel kant belive in for the world and why?
he believed there would be world peace because everyone thinks the same
who created the first experimental psych lab?
wilhelm wundt
what tool measures a stress response?
kymograph
what tool measures reaction time?
chronoscape
what did franz donder create
the donders task
what task requires decision making through reaction time?
the donders task
what is the donders task
requires decision making through reaction time simple vs choice by pushing a button
what is the subtraction method
two tasks that are identical, but one task uses a hypothesized mental operation and the other does not.
what did ebbinghaus do
he experimented with his own memory by memorizing nonsense words
what did ebbinghaus memory experiment prove
by reviewing new information at key moments on the Forgetting Curve, you can reduce the rate at which you forget it!
who was the king of structrualism?
edward titchner
what was edward titchners goal
to determine the basic elements of the conscious mind
what did edward titchner focus on?
sensations images and feelings INTROSPECTION
placing an apple in front of you and then asking what are your thoughts and experiences associated with that apple is what type of introspection?
direct introspection (direct-ly in front of u)
Imagine an apple now tell me your thoughts abt it what type of introspection is this?
indirect introspection (in-your head)
what did william james do?
studied human psychology outside the lab?
who studied psych outside the lab?
william james
who focused on the role of the subconscious in human thought and behaviour
sigmund freud
who focused on dream analysis
sigmund freud
what did freud believe about dream analysis
it was the unconcious mind expressing itself
who worked with dogs
ivan pavlov
classical conditioning was studied by who
ivan pavlov
what did pavlov believe
learned associations between learning and rewards
Your dog loves to go on walks around the neighborhood. You begin an experiment by clapping your hand 3 times before getting the least to walk your dog. Soon every time you clap your hands the dog comes running. This is an example of what concept?
classical conditioning
who worked with little albert
john watson
john watson believed what?
behaviour could be changed through conditioning
watson left acadamia and went into what
advertising
what were in watsons ads
the ads formed association betweens the product and the desired emotion
who focused on external behaviour
bf skinner
what did bf skinner believe in
human behaviour could be shaped thru operant conditioning
Bf skinner used schedules of….
reinforcment or punishment
who created the cognitive map
edward tolman
what did edward tolman believe in
behaviour is influenced by purpose and expectation not just stimulus response
what was george miller concerned with
mental functions based on how we think remember and make decisions
who helped in the development of ai
george miller
What did ulric neisser create?
the information processing theory
what is the info processing theory broad?
it takes sensory signals then turns them into early processing and then further deeper processing
what is the info processing theory (specific)?
shallow at first via vibrations sensory signals then language, the meaning, thoughts, responses
blood flow is caused by
hormones and oxygen
the nervous system is made up of
sensory input and muscles and joints
the brain is divided into
cognition and perception
what part of the brain is this: Auditory processing, language & memory, taste & smell
temporal
What part of the brain is this responsible for touch and spatial awareness
parietal
what part of the brain is responsible for visual processing
occipital lobe
whats in the meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space and pia mater in that order
what part of the brain is this: planning organizing and impulse control
frontal lobe
what is cerebrospinal fluid
supports spine
waste removal
constantly being used and recycled
where is cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
in betweeen the brain ventricles and the subarachnoid spaces
what are the 2 surface features of the brain called?
sulcus gryrus
what is the sulcus (ridges and groves
its a segregated brain area that inhances surface area
what is the gyrus (folds bumps
increases the surface are of the brain
brain orientation 6 ways what are they?
dorsal medial lateral posterior anterior ventral
toward the face
anterior
posterior
behind toward the back
toward the edge
lateral
toward the top of the brain or back of the spinal cord
dorsal
ventral
toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord
toward the middle
medial
what is the forebrain responsible for
complex behaviour like problem solving language and thought
what part of the BODY is responsible for survival based behaviours
brainstem and midbrain
whats the difference between a stroke hemmoraghic and an ischemic stroke
stroke blood stays with blood hemorhagic blood goes with brain cells and ischemic blood clot causes stroke
what test detects glucose in blood
pet scans
what do pet scans use
radioactice traseer
what is an fmri used for
oxygen changes in blood
what uses a light injector that goes past the scalp
near infrared spectroscopy
cns vs pns
central nervous system: two organs, brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system is everything else and nerves
how do electrical signals travel between neurons
start from the dendrites then the cell body then to the the axon thru the myelin sheath node of ranvier and then the axon terminals and lastly the synapse
what do dendrites do
location for where a neuron recieves input from other cells
whats the cell bodys job
central part of a neuron
what does the myelin sheath do?
passes electrical impulses along nerve cells
what the node of ranvier do?
allows ions to difuse in and out of the neuron
whats action potential
electrical wave that travels along the axon
whats an agonist drug
they enhance the experience and allow a neuron to release more neurotransmitters
whats an antagonist drug
blocks the activation of some receptors and prevents a biological response
whats an eeg
it detects activity in the brain in the form of electrical wave patterns
what is it called when they test and monitor neurons on animals specifically monkeys
single cell recording
what was single cell recording used to analyze in monkeys
different hand grips associated with specific neurons
what comes first sensation or perception
sensation
what is proximal stimuli
the rays of light actually hitting the retina
what is distal stimuli
an object that provides information for the proximal stimuli like a shoe on the ground
what is an example of distal stimuli
person looking at a shoe on the floor because the distal stimuli provides info for the proximal stimulus
whats an example of proximal stimulus
when a person sees a dog because the dog the distal stimulus created a image proximal that was interpreted as a dog
what is transduction
conversion of energy into another ie smelling smoke and thinking something is burning
what is perception and an example
recognition and interpretation of sensory information ie) smelling baking but thinking of your grandma baking
what do people test physiological perception for
uses brain imaging to see how stress affects heart rate
whats self report measures
patient self reported most widely used to measure emotions and are based on the patients percieved experiences
whats the condition where u have troble recognizing peoples faces
prosopagnosia
whats default mode network
hilights areas of your brain that are most active when. you are at rest
whats an example of default mode network?
daydreaming
what is the trial and errror approach to problem solving
try different solutions until u find one that works
whats the algorithm approach
Algorithms are comprehensive step-by-step procedures
whats the mental set approach
A mental set is a tendency to only use solutions that have worked in the past rather than looking for alternative ideas.
whats the hill climbing strategy
a person generally picks what appears to be the most direct route to the goal at each step.
what is the tower of hanoi
go straight toward the end goal, sometimes going backwards puts you closer to the goal
whats sophisticated type thinking
understanding concepts generating original ideas
which factor is harder to predict transient or enduring
Transient factors tend to be harder to predict than enduring factors, which are more stable.
Traffic accidents or unpleasant odours and noises vs a store with a disliked geographic location
whats type 1 thinking?
doesnt pay alot of attention and comes to a decision quickly
whats type 2 thinking
slow and decisive
whats a representative heurietic?
biased judgment made in every day life
whats an example of a representative heuristic
if someones wearing a suit and holding a brief case u think that there a lawyer
whats the availability heuristic?
describes the mental shortcut where we make decision based on emotional cues familiar facts and vivid images
whats gamblers fallacy?
past events can influence future events that are entirely independent of them in realityin other words if something keeps happening in the past its likely to switch up but it may not
what is base rate in memory?
any idea that comes to mind thats readily available
Whats anchoring?
a cognitive bias that human tendency relies heavily on the first piece of info offered when making decisions
whats the ultimatuum game?
a game where one player makes an offer to another player about a sum of money that the two must split between them, and the responder must then either accept or reject this offer.
what does the ultimatum game represent?
it illustrates the human unwillingness to accept injustice
what is affective forecasting
prediction of how we weill feel about future emotional events
if a college student was currently in a negative mood because he just found out he failed a test, and if the college student forecasted how much he would enjoy a party two weeks later, his current negative mood may influence his forecast.
paradox of choice
having too many choices actually limits our freedom
whats confirmation bias
find info that conforms to your info
whats the framing effect?
occurs when people react differently to something depending on whether it was presented positively or negativly
what the overall message of the framing effect
we like to win but we really hate to lose, therefore, the negative feeling ways heavier then the positive
what 3 things are decision making based on
incomplete information, biases or beliefs and how the problem is framed
in decion making what is a cost?
a cost moves u further away from ur goal
in decision making what is a benefit?
a benefit is when it moves you closer to ur goal
what is inductive reasoning
making judgments and seeing patterns
what is deductive reasoning
making predictions and making a hypothesis
what can a eeg detect
dyslexia
what does an eeg detect for dyyslexia patients
visual word form area and phonological processing regions
whats dual route model of reading
looks at the kinds of strategies children might adopt when learning to read and spell irredular words
in dual route what is the direct route
sight reading
what is indirect route in dual route
sounding out
whats a pseudo word
a non sense word that can be understood thru grammar rules
what written language affects dyslexia the most
all of them
whats the rate of dyslexia in identical twins
68%
in reading letter sequenced are recognized but entire words are processed in…
parallel
eye movements during reading is made up of what
saccades and fixations
saccades are what
a rapid movement of the eye between fixation points.
what is a fixation
brief pauses to take in information
