Intro to neuro Flashcards
what is a presurgical fmri?
allows the patient to be doing a task to see how the neurons respond
what is tractography?
below the cortex everything is connected thru white matter cortica spinal tracts
what is Neuropsychology
The study of the relation between behaviour and activity of the brain
Clinical Neuropsychology
Concerned with psychological assesment managment and rehabilitation of neurological disease and injury
What does clinical neuropsych look for
scales for autism or giving learning tests or iq tests, aphasia patients would see them as well
experimental neuropsychology
Focuses on how human behaviour arises from brain activity
examples of experimental neuropsychology
how different probes affect memory performance in individuals with and without schizophrenia in order to identify which memory processes are most vulnerable to disruption in schizophrenia
what is the most complex living organ on earth
the brain
Many behavioural disorders can be explained and possibly cured by understanding the ….
brain
what is phrenology?
the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character
what is the Cardiocentric hypothesis
“heart controls behaviour”
what is the Cephalocentric hypothesis
Brain and mind “brain controls brain but the soul is separate”
what is Monism and materialism
the idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing
aristotle belived what was responsible for thought and behaviour
the heart
Aristotle believed what governed behaviour
the soul and the mind
what did aristotle believe the brain was used for in relation to the heart
brain was the cooling unit
what is trephination?
to drill a hole in skull to relieve brain swelling
How was trephination used in the past?
theraputic release
what hypothesis did descrates belive in
Cephalocentric hypothesis
what does descartes believe is responsible for human behaviour
the brain
what gland is responsible for behaviour
pineal
what is monism/materialism? evidence?
Brain produces mind
evidence: phineas gage got iron bar thru head originally really friendly then really mean
whose franz gall and what did he do?
studied phrenology and took measurements of the bumps on skull
Whats a cranioscopy
scientific examination of human skull
who was goltz? what did he do?
He debated against localization or phrenology so he took out a part of dogs braibn to prove that the removal of cortex results in a loss of function
electrical stimulation was first discovered by who for probing the brain and why
wilder penfield
why?so he could reduce the side effects of surgery
why did hippocrates do trephining
for cunvulsions
whats lobotomy? who created?
cutting the connections between frontal cortex and thalamus
who? walter freeman
how much does the adult brain?
3lbs
what are neurons
communication cells that react to stimuli
What are glial cells
the glue that supports neurons
in the nervous system
what are the 3 types of glial cells
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microgalia (might need more?)
what are the componets of the neuron?
dendrites, soma , axon, synapse and terminal buttons
what are the major neurotransmitters called? and what do they do?
Glutamate and gaba
excitatory and inhibitory
what are the neuromodulators called and what do they do?
Dopamine: Reward and learning
Serotonin: Regulated eating, sleeping, emotions
Norepinephrine: “Fight or flight”; stress response
Acetylcholine: Used by motor neurons
what is a nucleus
group of cell bodies
what is a tract?
large group of axons
whats a fissure?
cleft in the cortex that reaches the ventricle
whats a sulcus
more shallow cleft
whats a gyrus
ridge in the cortex
whats grey matter?
outermost layer of brain
Whats white matter?
Myelinated axons that connect brain regions
whats the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
What is the pns?
nerves?
Peripheral nervous system on utube
utube
3 major divisions of the brain?
forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
what does the cerebellum do?
Coordinating balancee and movement
what doe the pons do?
Connecction of brain to spinal cord
What does the medulla do?
supports automatic functions, breathing and blood rate
what are the 2 divisions of the diecephalon and what do they do?
thalamus: regulates sleep and relays motor and sensory signal
and hypothalamus: regulates body temo hunger and sex drive
what does the cerebral cortex do?
higher cognitive functions
what does the basal ganglia do?
initiating movment in the brain
What does the limbic system do?
emotion memory and spatial nav