Intro to neuro Flashcards
1
Q
what is a presurgical fmri?
A
allows the patient to be doing a task to see how the neurons respond
2
Q
what is tractography?
A
below the cortex everything is connected thru white matter cortica spinal tracts
3
Q
what is Neuropsychology
A
The study of the relation between behaviour and activity of the brain
4
Q
Clinical Neuropsychology
A
Concerned with psychological assesment managment and rehabilitation of neurological disease and injury
5
Q
What does clinical neuropsych look for
A
scales for autism or giving learning tests or iq tests, aphasia patients would see them as well
6
Q
experimental neuropsychology
A
Focuses on how human behaviour arises from brain activity
7
Q
examples of experimental neuropsychology
A
how different probes affect memory performance in individuals with and without schizophrenia in order to identify which memory processes are most vulnerable to disruption in schizophrenia
8
Q
what is the most complex living organ on earth
A
the brain
9
Q
Many behavioural disorders can be explained and possibly cured by understanding the ….
A
brain
10
Q
what is phrenology?
A
the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character
11
Q
what is the Cardiocentric hypothesis
A
“heart controls behaviour”
12
Q
what is the Cephalocentric hypothesis
A
Brain and mind “brain controls brain but the soul is separate”
13
Q
what is Monism and materialism
A
the idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing
14
Q
aristotle belived what was responsible for thought and behaviour
A
the heart
15
Q
Aristotle believed what governed behaviour
A
the soul and the mind
16
Q
what did aristotle believe the brain was used for in relation to the heart
A
brain was the cooling unit
17
Q
what is trephination?
A
to drill a hole in skull to relieve brain swelling
18
Q
How was trephination used in the past?
A
theraputic release
19
Q
what hypothesis did descrates belive in
A
Cephalocentric hypothesis
20
Q
what does descartes believe is responsible for human behaviour
A
the brain
21
Q
what gland is responsible for behaviour
A
pineal
22
Q
what is monism/materialism? evidence?
A
Brain produces mind
evidence: phineas gage got iron bar thru head originally really friendly then really mean
23
Q
whose franz gall and what did he do?
A
studied phrenology and took measurements of the bumps on skull
24
Q
Whats a cranioscopy
A
scientific examination of human skull
25
who was goltz? what did he do?
He debated against localization or phrenology so he took out a part of dogs braibn to prove that the removal of cortex results in a loss of function
26
electrical stimulation was first discovered by who for probing the brain and why
wilder penfield
why?so he could reduce the side effects of surgery
27
why did hippocrates do trephining
for cunvulsions
28
whats lobotomy? who created?
cutting the connections between frontal cortex and thalamus
who? walter freeman
29
how much does the adult brain?
3lbs
30
what are neurons
communication cells that react to stimuli
31
What are glial cells
the glue that supports neurons
in the nervous system
32
what are the 3 types of glial cells
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microgalia (might need more?)
33
what are the componets of the neuron?
dendrites, soma , axon, synapse and terminal buttons
34
what are the major neurotransmitters called? and what do they do?
Glutamate and gaba
excitatory and inhibitory
35
what are the neuromodulators called and what do they do?
Dopamine: Reward and learning
Serotonin: Regulated eating, sleeping, emotions
Norepinephrine: “Fight or flight”; stress response
Acetylcholine: Used by motor neurons
36
what is a nucleus
group of cell bodies
37
what is a tract?
large group of axons
38
whats a fissure?
cleft in the cortex that reaches the ventricle
39
whats a sulcus
more shallow cleft
40
whats a gyrus
ridge in the cortex
41
whats grey matter?
outermost layer of brain
42
Whats white matter?
Myelinated axons that connect brain regions
43
whats the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
44
What is the pns?
nerves?
45
Peripheral nervous system on utube
utube
46
3 major divisions of the brain?
forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
47
what does the cerebellum do?
Coordinating balancee and movement
48
what doe the pons do?
Connecction of brain to spinal cord
49
What does the medulla do?
supports automatic functions, breathing and blood rate
50
what are the 2 divisions of the diecephalon and what do they do?
thalamus: regulates sleep and relays motor and sensory signal
and hypothalamus: regulates body temo hunger and sex drive
51
what does the cerebral cortex do?
higher cognitive functions
52
what does the basal ganglia do?
initiating movment in the brain
53
What does the limbic system do?
emotion memory and spatial nav
54
what are the two parts of the forebrain called?
diencephalon and the telencephalon
55
where is basla ganglia located?
below the cerebral cortex
56
what is the temporal lobes function?
auditory
57
what is the parietal lobes function
somatosensory
58
what is the occipital lobes function
visual
59
what is grouped in structures near the centre of the brain
basal ganglia
60
what is the Corpus callosum?
Large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connects L & R hemispheres
61
what encases the brain and spinal cord
bone
62
what are the 3 parts of the meninges
dura mater, arachanoid mater and pia mater
63
how many pairs of cranial nerves does the brain have?
12
64
Single cell recordings happen in who?
Animal studies
65
what is single cell recording
electrodes go into single neuron and stimulates neurons relates to behaviour
66
What is single cell recording good for?
to see what neurons are for what behaviour or if they control behaviour
67
what is brain stimulating and what are the 2 types?
Stimulating part of brain and observing resulting behaviour
Cortical stimulation and subcortical
68
what is DBS, and what does it stand for?
deep brain stimulation: implants electrodes to brain regions to treat clinical conditions
69
what condition is dbs most used on?
parkinsons and tremmors
70
what is a controlled brain lesion?
selective damage to location in animal brain to see effects of damage
71
what is a aquired brain lesion
in human patients that suffered from a stroke
72
what is eeg and what does it stand for?
electroencephalogram and it measures electrical activity in the brain
73
a person has an eeg and there wavers are beta what is the person?
person is alert
74
a person has an eeg and there wavers are alpha what is the person?
relaxed
75
a person has an eeg and there wavers are delta what is the person?
sleep
76
how does eeg help patients with epilepsy?
used diagnostically to identify abnormal brain signals
77
what is an erp?
Measured brain responseq to a specific sensory cognitive or motor event
78
what are 3 advantages of erp/eeg
non invasive
fairly inexpensive and can be used with claustrophobic patients
79
What are 3 limitations of eeg
activity recorded from mil of neurons
signal can be distorted by skull variations
Not great for kids
80
what does ct stand for and what is it?
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan
uses xray to create picture of the skull and brain
81
what are 3 advantages of ct scans
fast
can be used with both clinical and healthy patients and non invasive
82
what are 3 disadvantages of ct scans
poor resolution no functional info and radiation limit repeated scanning
83
what does mri stand for and what is it?
Strong magnets to measure magnetic field to create images uses h2 atoms
84
what are 3 advantages of mri
non invasive good spatial reso and used for both healthy and clinical patients
85
what are 3 disadvantages in mri?
cannot test claustrophobics
loud and requires you to be very still
86
what is a dti and what does it do
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
it detects how water travels along tracts / it maps white matter pathway in vivo
87
what is a pet scan? what does pet stand for?
using radiotracers to measure changes in metabolic processes
positron emission tomograghy scan
88
advantages of pet scans?
examine numerous molecules over dif regions in brain
89
Disadvantages of pet scans?
radiation concern 4-5scans per year
time consuming
expensive
90
what is Fmri
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Measures brain activity by detecting changes of blood flow but functional means ur asking the person to do something
91
Hemoglobin is what to oxygen
carrier
92
fmri advantages: Can use standard mri equiptment
Mri and fmri are the same subject so u can do them in the same session
its non invasive and theres no radiation
93
Fmri limitations:
expensive
poor temporal resolution
doesnt work well with claustrophobic patients
94
whats a tms and what does it do
transcranial magnetic stimulation
magnet applied to skull to change electrical activity to improve behaviour
95
what does tms do to neurons
stimulate or inactivate neurons to see what the function area is from behaviour changes
96
what are the 3 types of Somatosensory Receptors
Nociception
Hapsis
Proprioception
97
proprioception
is awareness of body in space ie) when drunk Proprioception is impaired
98
what are the 3 pathways of sensorimotor pathways
spinothalamic tract
Dcml and corticospinal tract
99
What is the spinothalmic tract
the sensory pathway of nervous system
100
what is the dcml pathway for
sensory pathway of cns
proprioception
101
what is the corticospinal tract
it forms part of the descending spinal tract
102
what is the Homuculus?
map along motor cortex of where each body part is processed
103
what is the primary motor cortex?
controls movements of the muscles
104
what is the function of the secondary motor cortex
Production of voluntary movement
105
what is the sequence of the prefrontal cortex
parietal cortex sends goals
prefrontal cortex plans
premotor cortex sequences and then
Motor cortex executes actions
106
how many pain receptors does the brain have
0
107
what does pain say about expectation
that pain is modified by psych factors and when surgical patients are told what to expect,
they request less pain medication and leave
hospital earlier
108
what does shifting attention do for pain
decraeses pain if attention is diverted
109
what is apraxia?
the inability to preform movement due
110
what is ideomotor apraxia?
Cannot execute gestures in response to command
111
whats the difference between intransitive and transitive gestures
One requires an onject the other doesnt
112
what is ideational apraxia?
patients cannot perceive the purpose of a previously learned complex task
113
Whats the dif ideomotor vs ideational apraxia
ideomotor: they know how to do a task but there body wont allow them to
ideational: they dont know what ur asking or how to complete the task
114
what is tactile agnosia
loss of the ability to identify an object by toucch
115
what is callosal apraxia?
cant do task with left hand because theres damage to the corpus callosum
116
what is alien limb syndrome?
limb acts aginst the person that its attahed to
117
what is phantom limb syndrome
the feeling that a body part is still there after being amputated
118
what treatment is for phantom limb syndrome
mirror therapy and sedatives
119
whats xenomelia
desire for an amputation
120
whats mirror touch synesthisia
person physically feels what others are feeling
121
what is Congenital insesnsitivity to pain CIP
cannot feel physical pain but still feel touch
122
what is the retina?
light sensitive membrane at the back of eye
has rods and cones
123
whats an optic nerve?
nerve responsible for translating visual info
the nerve that leaves the eye (blind spot)
124
whats an optic chiasm
the point of crossover for half of the visual projections
125
what is a blind spot
where optic nerve passes through optic disc
126
what does your brain and blind spot do
they fill in the missing info of what u cant see
127
what is the pathway of the eye to the occipital lobe
eye
optic nerve
lateral geniculate nucleus
then to the visual cortex
128
what is the purpose of the LGN pathway
this is the only pathway where vision becomes conscious
129
what is hemianopia
loss of vision in half the visual field
130
what is scotoma
loss of vision in one point
131
what is quadrantopia
loss of vision to a quarter of the visual field
132
what is the ventral stream 3pts
Its the what pathway
its for recognizing objects
It starts at back of occipital lobe and goes over medulla
133
what is the dorsal stream
Its the where and how pathway
Location of objects but not there names or functions
How to interact with objects
134
