Intro to neuro Flashcards
what is a presurgical fmri?
allows the patient to be doing a task to see how the neurons respond
what is tractography?
below the cortex everything is connected thru white matter cortica spinal tracts
what is Neuropsychology
The study of the relation between behaviour and activity of the brain
Clinical Neuropsychology
Concerned with psychological assesment managment and rehabilitation of neurological disease and injury
What does clinical neuropsych look for
scales for autism or giving learning tests or iq tests, aphasia patients would see them as well
experimental neuropsychology
Focuses on how human behaviour arises from brain activity
examples of experimental neuropsychology
how different probes affect memory performance in individuals with and without schizophrenia in order to identify which memory processes are most vulnerable to disruption in schizophrenia
what is the most complex living organ on earth
the brain
Many behavioural disorders can be explained and possibly cured by understanding the ….
brain
what is phrenology?
the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character
what is the Cardiocentric hypothesis
“heart controls behaviour”
what is the Cephalocentric hypothesis
Brain and mind “brain controls brain but the soul is separate”
what is Monism and materialism
the idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing
aristotle belived what was responsible for thought and behaviour
the heart
Aristotle believed what governed behaviour
the soul and the mind
what did aristotle believe the brain was used for in relation to the heart
brain was the cooling unit
what is trephination?
to drill a hole in skull to relieve brain swelling
How was trephination used in the past?
theraputic release
what hypothesis did descrates belive in
Cephalocentric hypothesis
what does descartes believe is responsible for human behaviour
the brain
what gland is responsible for behaviour
pineal
what is monism/materialism? evidence?
Brain produces mind
evidence: phineas gage got iron bar thru head originally really friendly then really mean
whose franz gall and what did he do?
studied phrenology and took measurements of the bumps on skull
Whats a cranioscopy
scientific examination of human skull
who was goltz? what did he do?
He debated against localization or phrenology so he took out a part of dogs braibn to prove that the removal of cortex results in a loss of function
electrical stimulation was first discovered by who for probing the brain and why
wilder penfield
why?so he could reduce the side effects of surgery
why did hippocrates do trephining
for cunvulsions
whats lobotomy? who created?
cutting the connections between frontal cortex and thalamus
who? walter freeman
how much does the adult brain?
3lbs
what are neurons
communication cells that react to stimuli
What are glial cells
the glue that supports neurons
in the nervous system
what are the 3 types of glial cells
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microgalia (might need more?)
what are the componets of the neuron?
dendrites, soma , axon, synapse and terminal buttons
what are the major neurotransmitters called? and what do they do?
Glutamate and gaba
excitatory and inhibitory
what are the neuromodulators called and what do they do?
Dopamine: Reward and learning
Serotonin: Regulated eating, sleeping, emotions
Norepinephrine: “Fight or flight”; stress response
Acetylcholine: Used by motor neurons
what is a nucleus
group of cell bodies
what is a tract?
large group of axons
whats a fissure?
cleft in the cortex that reaches the ventricle
whats a sulcus
more shallow cleft
whats a gyrus
ridge in the cortex
whats grey matter?
outermost layer of brain
Whats white matter?
Myelinated axons that connect brain regions
whats the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
What is the pns?
nerves?
Peripheral nervous system on utube
utube
3 major divisions of the brain?
forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
what does the cerebellum do?
Coordinating balancee and movement
what doe the pons do?
Connecction of brain to spinal cord
What does the medulla do?
supports automatic functions, breathing and blood rate
what are the 2 divisions of the diecephalon and what do they do?
thalamus: regulates sleep and relays motor and sensory signal
and hypothalamus: regulates body temo hunger and sex drive
what does the cerebral cortex do?
higher cognitive functions
what does the basal ganglia do?
initiating movment in the brain
What does the limbic system do?
emotion memory and spatial nav
what are the two parts of the forebrain called?
diencephalon and the telencephalon
where is basla ganglia located?
below the cerebral cortex
what is the temporal lobes function?
auditory
what is the parietal lobes function
somatosensory
what is the occipital lobes function
visual
what is grouped in structures near the centre of the brain
basal ganglia
what is the Corpus callosum?
Large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connects L & R hemispheres
what encases the brain and spinal cord
bone
what are the 3 parts of the meninges
dura mater, arachanoid mater and pia mater
how many pairs of cranial nerves does the brain have?
12
Single cell recordings happen in who?
Animal studies
what is single cell recording
electrodes go into single neuron and stimulates neurons relates to behaviour
What is single cell recording good for?
to see what neurons are for what behaviour or if they control behaviour
what is brain stimulating and what are the 2 types?
Stimulating part of brain and observing resulting behaviour
Cortical stimulation and subcortical
what is DBS, and what does it stand for?
deep brain stimulation: implants electrodes to brain regions to treat clinical conditions
what condition is dbs most used on?
parkinsons and tremmors
what is a controlled brain lesion?
selective damage to location in animal brain to see effects of damage
what is a aquired brain lesion
in human patients that suffered from a stroke
what is eeg and what does it stand for?
electroencephalogram and it measures electrical activity in the brain
a person has an eeg and there wavers are beta what is the person?
person is alert
a person has an eeg and there wavers are alpha what is the person?
relaxed
a person has an eeg and there wavers are delta what is the person?
sleep
how does eeg help patients with epilepsy?
used diagnostically to identify abnormal brain signals
what is an erp?
Measured brain responseq to a specific sensory cognitive or motor event
what are 3 advantages of erp/eeg
non invasive
fairly inexpensive and can be used with claustrophobic patients
What are 3 limitations of eeg
activity recorded from mil of neurons
signal can be distorted by skull variations
Not great for kids
what does ct stand for and what is it?
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan
uses xray to create picture of the skull and brain
what are 3 advantages of ct scans
fast
can be used with both clinical and healthy patients and non invasive
what are 3 disadvantages of ct scans
poor resolution no functional info and radiation limit repeated scanning
what does mri stand for and what is it?
Strong magnets to measure magnetic field to create images uses h2 atoms
what are 3 advantages of mri
non invasive good spatial reso and used for both healthy and clinical patients
what are 3 disadvantages in mri?
cannot test claustrophobics
loud and requires you to be very still
what is a dti and what does it do
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
it detects how water travels along tracts / it maps white matter pathway in vivo
what is a pet scan? what does pet stand for?
using radiotracers to measure changes in metabolic processes
positron emission tomograghy scan
advantages of pet scans?
examine numerous molecules over dif regions in brain
Disadvantages of pet scans?
radiation concern 4-5scans per year
time consuming
expensive
what is Fmri
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Measures brain activity by detecting changes of blood flow but functional means ur asking the person to do something
Hemoglobin is what to oxygen
carrier
fmri advantages: Can use standard mri equiptment
Mri and fmri are the same subject so u can do them in the same session
its non invasive and theres no radiation
Fmri limitations:
expensive
poor temporal resolution
doesnt work well with claustrophobic patients
whats a tms and what does it do
transcranial magnetic stimulation
magnet applied to skull to change electrical activity to improve behaviour
what does tms do to neurons
stimulate or inactivate neurons to see what the function area is from behaviour changes
what are the 3 types of Somatosensory Receptors
Nociception
Hapsis
Proprioception
proprioception
is awareness of body in space ie) when drunk Proprioception is impaired
what are the 3 pathways of sensorimotor pathways
spinothalamic tract
Dcml and corticospinal tract
What is the spinothalmic tract
the sensory pathway of nervous system
what is the dcml pathway for
sensory pathway of cns
proprioception
what is the corticospinal tract
it forms part of the descending spinal tract
what is the Homuculus?
map along motor cortex of where each body part is processed
what is the primary motor cortex?
controls movements of the muscles
what is the function of the secondary motor cortex
Production of voluntary movement
what is the sequence of the prefrontal cortex
parietal cortex sends goals
prefrontal cortex plans
premotor cortex sequences and then
Motor cortex executes actions
how many pain receptors does the brain have
0
what does pain say about expectation
that pain is modified by psych factors and when surgical patients are told what to expect,
they request less pain medication and leave
hospital earlier
what does shifting attention do for pain
decraeses pain if attention is diverted
what is apraxia?
the inability to preform movement due
what is ideomotor apraxia?
Cannot execute gestures in response to command
whats the difference between intransitive and transitive gestures
One requires an onject the other doesnt
what is ideational apraxia?
patients cannot perceive the purpose of a previously learned complex task
Whats the dif ideomotor vs ideational apraxia
ideomotor: they know how to do a task but there body wont allow them to
ideational: they dont know what ur asking or how to complete the task
what is tactile agnosia
loss of the ability to identify an object by toucch
what is callosal apraxia?
cant do task with left hand because theres damage to the corpus callosum
what is alien limb syndrome?
limb acts aginst the person that its attahed to
what is phantom limb syndrome
the feeling that a body part is still there after being amputated
what treatment is for phantom limb syndrome
mirror therapy and sedatives
whats xenomelia
desire for an amputation
whats mirror touch synesthisia
person physically feels what others are feeling
what is Congenital insesnsitivity to pain CIP
cannot feel physical pain but still feel touch
what is the retina?
light sensitive membrane at the back of eye
has rods and cones
whats an optic nerve?
nerve responsible for translating visual info
the nerve that leaves the eye (blind spot)
whats an optic chiasm
the point of crossover for half of the visual projections
what is a blind spot
where optic nerve passes through optic disc
what does your brain and blind spot do
they fill in the missing info of what u cant see
what is the pathway of the eye to the occipital lobe
eye
optic nerve
lateral geniculate nucleus
then to the visual cortex
what is the purpose of the LGN pathway
this is the only pathway where vision becomes conscious
what is hemianopia
loss of vision in half the visual field
what is scotoma
loss of vision in one point
what is quadrantopia
loss of vision to a quarter of the visual field
what is the ventral stream 3pts
Its the what pathway
its for recognizing objects
It starts at back of occipital lobe and goes over medulla
what is the dorsal stream
Its the where and how pathway
Location of objects but not there names or functions
How to interact with objects
