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Usask year 3.1 > Neuro pt 2 > Flashcards

Neuro pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

wernickes area

A

comprehension is stated here

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1
Q

brocas area

A

speech articulation

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2
Q

dorsal stream

A

Conveys phonological information for articulation

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3
Q

Ventral Stream

A

conveys semantic information (i.e., assigning meaning)

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4
Q

what hemisphere does language reside in

A

left hemisphere

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5
Q

left hemisphere does what

A

Identifies “words” – PET shows temporal activity to FROOP but no activity for FZNQT
¤ Maps graphemes to phonemes
¤ Understands syntax
¤ Produces speech
¤ Converts phonemes to graphemes

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6
Q

right hemispheres

A

Determines overall theme of discourse
¤ Responsible for humour
¤ Interprets body language and non-verbal sounds to provide additional meaning to speech
¤ Sarcasm, emotional intention, prosody

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7
Q

Brain Stimulation and Surgical Lesions

A

Electrodes implanted in the brain to determine function of certain areas before surgery

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8
Q

aphasia

A

Language disorder in speech

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9
Q

agraphia

A

Language disorder in writing

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10
Q

alexia

A

language disorder in reading

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11
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Inability to produce fluent speech, despite relatively intact speech comprehension and intact voice

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12
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

First observed by Carl Wernicke in 1885
¤ Damage to left temporal/parietal lobe
¤ Production of fluent, but nonsensical, speech (word salad) ¤ Patients seem completely unaware of their deficit

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13
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage resulting in an inability to shuttle information between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

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14
Q

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

A

Normal (spontaneous) speech production is impaired

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15
Q

Echolalia

A

Compulsion to repeat something just heard

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16
Q

Pure Word Deafness

A

Inability to comprehend speech
¤ Able to perceive and recognize other non-verbal sounds
¤ Speech sounds like a foreign language

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17
Q

Phonological Method:

A

Uses grapheme-to-
phoneme correspondence rules

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18
Q

Whole-Word Method:

A

“Sight reading”
Allows for recognition of word from memory
Irregular words (yacht, colonel) can only use direct route

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19
Q

phonological alexia

A

Disruption of phonological route
¤Inability to map phonemes onto graphemes
¤ Cannot sound out unfamiliar words, but can recognize familiar words
¤Familiar words can be read correctly using intact whole-word route
¤Damage to dorsal brain regions

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20
Q

surface alexia

A

Disruption of whole-word route
¤ Impaired reading of irregular words (e.g., yacht)
¤ Reading of regular words and non-words is preserved
¤ Regular words can be read correctly using intact phonological route
¤ Damage to ventral brain regions

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21
Q

Aprosodia

A

Loss of ability to produce or comprehend prosody in speech
¤ RH Broca’s area produces prosody
¤ RH Wernicke’s area comprehends prosody
`

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22
Q

Double dissociation

A

Some patients can’t produce
prosody but can understand it
¤ Other patients can produce prosody but can’t understand it

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23
Q

what is emotion?

A

Internal state and involuntary physiological response to object or situation

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24
Q

Emotional states have two components:

A

Physical sensation of the emotion
¤ Cognitive experience, or feeling, of the emotion itself

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25
Q

what is emotion (compared to mood)

A

Sudden, intense reactions to events

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26
Q

what is mood

A

More diffuse and tend to last longer

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27
Q

Allostasis?

A

maintaining internal stability despite
changing conditions

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28
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A

Emotion results from change in the body following evaluation of a stimulus or event

“Somatic markers” are feelings in the body associated with emotions (e.g., rapid heartbeat with anxiety)

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29
Q

classical conditioning

A

Type of learning by association
¤ Associate a neutral stimulus with a positive or
negative outcome
¤ E.g.,) Fear Conditioning - Neutral stimulus is paired with stimulus that induces fear (e.g., electric shock)

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30
Q

Right Hemisphere Hypothesis suggests…

A

RH is dominant for all emotions

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31
Q

Valence Hypothesis suggests…

A

LH is dominant for positive emotions and RH is dominant for negative emotions

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32
Q

valence hypothesis

A

Asymmetry for expression or perception of emotions depends on valence
¤ RH – Negative emotion ¤ LH – Positive emotion

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33
Q

right hemisphere hypothesis

A

RH responsible for expression or perception of all emotional information regardless of valence
¤ Support from studies on healthy controls:
¤ Faster to identify emotion in left visual field
¤ No difference for positive or negative emotions

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34
Q

Chimeric faces

A

Visual tests examine facial emotional processing

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35
Q

Left Ear Advantage (LEA)

A

Identifying emotional tones in speech
¤ Non-speech emotional tones (e.g., crying, laughing)
¤ RH lesion patients showed greater impairment than LH lesion patients

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36
Q

¤ Dichotic listening tasks

A

Auditory tests examine emotional
prosody processing

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37
Q

Right Ear Advantage (REA)

A

Identifying specific words

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38
Q

insula roles?

A

empathy, love, disgust, fear and phobias

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39
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

Regulation emotional behaviour
¤ Anticipating consequences of action

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40
Q

cingulate cortex

A

Attention to emotional states
¤ Resolving conflict between physical and emotional states

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41
Q

hippocampus

A

Personal or “episodic” memories that include
emotional content

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42
Q

amygdala

A

Negative emotions, especially fear

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43
Q

hypothalamus

A

Physiological component of emotional state release hormones

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44
Q

olfactory bulb

A

Carries messages about
smell directly to limbic areas

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45
Q

Amygdala becomes activated before

A

conscious perception of fearful faces

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46
Q

hatred activates…

A

Amygdala (negative
emotion)
¤ Insula (disgust and rejection)

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47
Q

Lower activation in regions associated with emotion processing are associated with…

A

psychopaths

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48
Q

Klüver–Bucy Syndrome

A

Lack of affect and no response to previously threatening stimuli
¤ Reduced fear, heightened aggression, and changes in emotion of disgust

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49
Q

Klüver–Bucy Syndrome caused by

A

lesions of medial temporal lobe
¤ Caused by stroke, encephalitis, tumours, or lobotomy

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50
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

Person thinks a loved one has been replaced by an imposter
Patients do not show normal emotional response to seeing a loved one
¤ They do show normal response when talking over the phone

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51
Q

whats depression?

A

¤Extended periods (>2 weeks) of depressed mood
Evidence of genetic contribution:
¤ 50-70% concordance for monozygotic twins ¤ 13-20% concordance for dizygotic twins

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52
Q

Depression Neurobiology:

A

Loss of cortical mass in frontal and temporal
areas
¤10-30% show enlarged ventricles
¤Increased right hemisphere activity

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53
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

¤Alternate between depressive and manic states

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54
Q

BPD Neurobiology

A

Decreased levels of serotonin & GABA
¤ Hyperactivity in limbic system
¤ Abnormal connections between frontal lobes and basal ganglia

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55
Q

Anxiety

A

disorder characterized by sense of danger, distress, or fear:

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56
Q

¤ Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Feelings of anxious somatic sensations in the absence of an identifiable stimulus

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57
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A

Anxious somatic sensations in response to reminders of traumatic event

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58
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Unwanted obsessions and recurrent behaviours accompanied by urge to do something to alleviate discomfort caused by the obsession

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59
Q

what is a phobia?

A

Anxious somatic sensations in response to specific stimuli
Dysfunction of the amygdala

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60
Q

what is attention

A

State of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information

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61
Q

what are the 3 stages of attention

A

Disengage, Shift, Engage

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62
Q

disengage shift

A

Take attention away from current focus

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63
Q

Shift stage

A

Move attention from one item to another

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64
Q

Engage stage

A

Lock attentional focus onto new item

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65
Q

whats selective attention

A

Process that allows selection of inputs, thoughts, or actions while other ones are ignored

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66
Q

whats voluntary attention

A

Attention is shifted between inputs
intentionally (reading the textbook)

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67
Q

whats reflexive

A

Shifts in attention occur in response to an external event ie. textbook falling and making loud noise

68
Q

overt attention

A

Attention to information being looked at directly
¤ Involves eye movements

69
Q

covert attention

A

Attention to a location
not directly being looked at
¤ Not associated with eye movements

70
Q

cocktail party effect

A

The cocktail party effect refers to the ability of people to focus on a single talker or conversation in a noisy environment.

71
Q

Endogenous Control:

A

Voluntary
¤Cue usually needs interpretation

72
Q

exogenous control

A

Reflexive
¤Cue automatically draws attention

73
Q

Posterior Attentional System (PAS)

A

Responsible for
orienting of attention – where do we focus?

74
Q

Anterior Attentional System (AAS)

A

Conscious control of attention – what do we need to focus on?

75
Q

Vigilance System (VS)

A

Prepares and sustains alertness toward signals that demand high priority

76
Q

Parietal lobe in response to attention

A

Shifts of attention in
space
¤ ‘Where’ information DISENGAGE

77
Q

Superior Colliculi in response to attention

A

Visual processing
and eye movements MOVE

78
Q

Pulvinar Nucleus of the Thalamus in response to attention

A

Filtering/suppressing irrelevant stimuli ENHANCE

79
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Decision making
¤ Maintaining attention away from irrelevant information

80
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Selective attention

81
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

A failure to notice — or at least to report — a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.

82
Q

if the right side of the brain is damaged what happens to attention

A

Right frontal damage compromises ability to maintain alert state or perform vigilance tasks (e.g., watching for danger)

83
Q

neglect in the brain

A

Inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in contralesional visual field
¤ Typically, neglect of left visual field after damage to right parietal lobe

84
Q

Change Blindness

A

A change in a visual stimulus is introduced that the observer does not notice

85
Q

Patients tend to not see left side of their own body and of world
¤ Only copy right side of picture
¤ Only dress right side of body
¤ Ignore tactile stimulation to left side of body
what does this person suffer from

A

neglect

86
Q

Simultaneous Extinction

A

subject is presented with two objects at same time, but notice and report only one of the objects

87
Q

adhd

A

Deficits in selective attention

88
Q

3 types of adhd

A

¤ Inattentive
¤ Hyperactive/impulsive ¤ Combined

89
Q

cause of adhd

A

Genetics
¤ Environment (e.g., alcohol during pregnancy)
¤ Problems with CNS at key moments in development (e.g., premature delivery)

90
Q

what is consciousness

A

Level of responsiveness of the mind to impressions made by the senses
Awareness
¤ “The process of knowing
what one knows”
¤ Opposite of unconscious, anaesthetized, comatose

91
Q

is consciousness dichotomous

A

no

92
Q

consciousness scale is determined by what two things

A

awareness and wakefulness

93
Q

3 facts abt consciousness

A

Consciousness is the privileged role of particular neural structures, the state of integration between otherwise distinct brain systems, and is a graded property of neural information processing

94
Q

what is responsible for consciousness

A

Frontal lobe, pineal gland, and cingulate cortex

95
Q

what happens in your brain when you suffer lack of awareness

A

disconnection of brain regions that make up the ‘consciousness network’

96
Q

is Consciousness all-or-nothing?

A

no

97
Q

what determines how likely it is to become consciously aware

A

how much you’re paying attention to something

98
Q

Sleep and wakefulness

A

Despite the body resting, the brain is still very active

99
Q

rem sleep effect on the brain

A

Low-voltage, fast changes in EEG
¤ Accompanied by dreams
¤ Paralyzed except eyes, ears, and vegetative functions (e.g., breathing)

100
Q

when does sleepwalking happen

A

Most often occurs during deep, non-REM sleep
early in the night

101
Q

what is lucid dreaming

A

dreamer aware of dreaming some degree of control over the dream characters

102
Q

what allows the dreamer to be conscious when lucid dreaming

A

Prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe

103
Q

what do psychoactive frugs do

A

Chemical that changes states of consciousness, particularly perceptions and moods

Influence how neurotransmitters operate at synapses of CNS

104
Q

Network cross-linking at a dramatically higher rate when you take…

A

psiocybin

104
Q

_________ in brain activity appeared to reflect a
deeper and richer conscious state

A

Randomness

105
Q

what is Transcendental Meditation

A

Mind settles inward until you transcend to a state of pure consciousness

106
Q

what is a trance state

A

Altered state of consciousness that may be induced by hypnosis, drugs, or ritual

107
Q

what is Slain in the Spirit

A

Individual falls to the floor while experiencing religious ecstasy

108
Q

what is ouija board

A

Board with symbols, and a pointer
¤ Supposedly answers questions from spirits at a séance
¤ Move the pointer around in a circle on the board for a moment or two to get it “warmed up”

109
Q

whats the Ideomotor Effect

A

Ones muscles move subconsciously when the
movement is an expected one
Faraday determined movements were result of unconscious muscular action

110
Q

what is the claustrum

A

Possible neural region for coordination of conscious awareness
¤ Perhaps not functioning properly in individuals in minimally conscious state (e.g., coma or vegetative state)

111
Q

what is a vegetative state

A

Normal responsiveness to sound and speech input
¤ Auditory cortex activated by true speech and nonsense sentences
¤ Frontal-temporal activation consistent with language processing

112
Q

how does a tbi happen

A

when an external force injures the brain

113
Q

what is a tbi classified on?

A

Severity
¤ Mechanism (closed or
penetrating head injury)
¤ Other features (e.g., occurring in a specific location or over a widespread area)

114
Q

patients with tbis have difficulties with

A

Executive skills
¤ Short-term memory
¤ Concentration

115
Q

closed vs open head injury

A

NO penetration to the skull Penetration to the skull

116
Q

whats a coup injury

A

when Damage occurs on the same side of impact

117
Q

whats a contrecoup injury

A

when damage occur on the side opposite of the impact

118
Q

whats the Glasgow Coma Scale used for

A

to quantify consciousness: Eye opening
2) Motor response
3) Verbal response

119
Q

what are the care steps for tbi

A

Emergency care
¤ E.g.,) Oxygen/blood supply in brain
¤ Medication
¤ E.g.,) Reduce pressure, anti-seizure
¤ Surgery
¤ E.g.,) Removing clots, repairing skull fracture
¤ Rehabilitation
¤ E.g.,) Re-learning basic skills

120
Q

whats a tumour

A

An abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply uncontrollably.

121
Q

what are the charcateristics of a benign tumour?

A

Not cancer
¤ Slow growing
¤ Encapsulated
¤ Non-invasive, do not metastasize, well differentiated

122
Q

what are the characteristics of a maligant tumour?

A

Cancer
¤ Fast growing
¤ Non-encapsulated ¤ Metastasize
¤ Poorly differentiated

123
Q

whats an encapsulated tumour

A

if a malignant tumor remains compact and does not have roots, it is encapsulated.

124
Q

whats an infiltrating tumour

A

Listen to pronunciation. (IN-fil-TRAY-ting KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues

125
Q

Characteristics of Glioma

A

Most common type of brain tumour ¤ Form within brain and spinal cord

126
Q

Characteristics of meningioma

A

Forms in the meninges ¤ Most are benign

127
Q

characteristics of Metastatic (Secondary) tumour

A

¤Begin elsewhere in the
body
Metastatic tumours
¤Spread to the brain (via blood stream)
¤Usually originate in lung, breast, and skin

128
Q

what do the symptoms and signs depend on based off tumours

A

depending on the tumour’s size and location

129
Q

Cerebrovascular Disorders cause and characteristics

A

Occurs when blood supply to brain (or spinal cord) is interrupted
¤ Sudden or gradual
¤ Complete or partial
¤ Permanent or transient

130
Q

other name for cerebrovascular disorder

A

common term for cerebrovascular disorders is stroke

131
Q

whats an ischemic stroke

A

ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot, known as a thrombus, blocks or plugs an artery leading to the brain

132
Q

whats an infarct

A

An infarct is an area of necrosis (tissue death) due to the blood vessel blockage

133
Q

whats a Thrombotic stroke

A

strokes caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain.

134
Q

whats a Embolic stroke

A

usually caused by a blood clot that forms elsewhere in the body (embolus) and travels through the bloodstream to the brain

135
Q

whats a Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

due to bleeding into the brain by the rupture of a blood vessel.

136
Q

can a Hemorrhagic stroke be two different things

A

Hemorrhagic stroke may be further subdivided into intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Hemorrhagic stroke is associated with severe morbidity and high mortality.

137
Q

what are the symptoms of a stroke

A

Sudden:
¤ Numbness or weakness of limbs
¤ Confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
¤ Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
¤ Trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
¤ Severe headache with no known cause

138
Q

what is the treatment for ischemic stroke

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and Mechanical devices

139
Q

whats a Mechanical devices for ischemic stroke

A

Tool traps the clot, and either breaks it up or pulls out of the brain, reopening the blocked blood vessel

140
Q

whats a tPA for ischemic stroke

A

Dissolves clot and improves blood flow to the part of
brain being deprived of blood flow

141
Q

whats the Treatment for Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Find cause of bleeding and control it
¤ Surgical clips or coils inserted in aneurysms (weaknesses in the blood vessel wall)
¤ Surgery to remove the bleeding vessel and blood that has spilled into the brain

142
Q

whats a Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM)

A

Tangle of blood vessels in the brain or abnormal connection between arteries and veins

143
Q

what is the treatment for AVM

A

Surgery and Cerebrovascular embolization

144
Q

what are characteristics of infections in the brain

A

Invasion of a microorganisms to the CNS Releases toxins that skill surrounding tissue

145
Q

What is Meningitis and symptoms

A

Bacterial infection of the meninges
¤ Fever, headache, vomiting, muscle pain and fever with cold hands and feet

146
Q

what Substances destroy the nervous system tissue?

A

Pesticides
¤ Fuels
¤Heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead, aluminum)

AKA NEUROTOXINS

147
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

Characterized by spontaneous, unpredictable, recurrent seizures
¤Excessive excitatory neural activity

148
Q

whats the difference between a seizure and convulsions?

A

Confirmed by electroencephalography (EEG) ¤Seizure: Electrical activity of the brain ¤Convulsions: Behavioural manifestation

149
Q

what are some common symptoms of seizures?

A

Aura: Subjective sensation, perception, or motor experience associated with seizure onset
¤ Loss of consciousness
¤ Ranging from staring into space to complete
loss
¤ Movement: Many seizures include full body movements or repetitive behaviors

150
Q

What is a focal seizure

A

Begin in one location in brain and electrical activity spreads to other regions

151
Q

what is a generalized seizure

A

Seizure activity occurs in both hemispheres without a clear focus

152
Q

whats the treatment for epilepsy?

A

Antiepileptic drugs ¤Enhance GABAergic
neurotransmission ¤ Surgery
¤If focus is localized, neurosurgeon may opt to remove source

153
Q

What is narcolepsy

A

Individual has overwhelming urge to sleep or collapses asleep
Sleep attacks are brief, irresistible sleep episodes ¤Incidences is about 0.02% of the population
¤ Runs in families
¤Stimulants and antidepressants have been used for treatment

154
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Loss of muscle tone or sudden paralysis during which patient is conscious

155
Q

what is insomnia?

A

Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep
¤ Patients have less REM sleep and more movement during sleep
¤ Incidence claimed to be as high as 14%

156
Q

whats sleep paralysis

A

Person is conscious but unable to move during the transition from sleep to wakefulness

157
Q

whats Hypnagogic hallucination

A

Hallucinations that occur while falling asleep or waking up

158
Q

whats parkinson disease?

A

Degenerative disorder of central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system

159
Q

what are the symptoms of parkinsons disease

A

Tremor at rest
¤ Slowed movement (bradykinesia) ¤ Rigidity
¤ Disturbance of posture

160
Q

What is the neuropathology behind parkinsons disease?

A

Neural degeneration (dopamine depletion) in substantia nigra

161
Q

what are the causes behind parkinsons disease

A

Genetics
¤ Toxins
¤ Carbon monoxide ¤ Pesticides
¤ Free radicals

162
Q

Treatment for parkinsons disease

A

Drug therapy
¤ Dopamine – cannot cross BBB
¤ L-dopa – precursor to dopamine
¤ Surgery
¤ Thalamotomy
¤ Pallidotomy
¤ Cell transplant
¤ Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

163
Q

Huntington’s Disease?

A

Cortex of patients shows shrinkage and thinning, particularly the basal ganglia

164
Q

symptoms of huntingtons disease

A

Jerky, coordinated yet
involuntary, movements
¤ Speech, and any purposeful movement, is very hard
¤ Changes in personality, memory

165
Q

causes behind genetics

A

Inherited defect in a single gene
¤ Dominant gene – 50% chance of passing onto child
¤Chromosome 4
¤ Normal copy of the gene produces huntingtin,
a protein
¤ Faulty gene is larger than it should be and produces a larger form of huntingtin

166
Q

what do treatment for tbi patients depend on

A

Neuroplasticity: Brain’s capacity to form new connections and change how its circuits are wired

Usask year 3.1 (11 decks)

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