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Usask year 3.1 > Neuro pt 1 > Flashcards

Neuro pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is attention?

A

State of focused awareness on a subset
of the available perceptual information

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2
Q

what are the 3 stages of attention

A

Disengage: Take attention away from current focus
¤ Shift: Move attention from one item to another
¤ Engage: Lock attentional focus onto new item

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3
Q

what is selective attention

A

Process that allows selection of
inputs, thoughts, or actions while other ones are
ignored

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4
Q

what does overt attention refer to?

A

e.g., shifting eyes) or covert (shifting focus

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5
Q

what is voluntary attention?

A

Attention is shifted between inputs
intentionally (e.g., reading the textbook)

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6
Q

what is reflexxive attention

A

Shifts in attention occur in response to an
external event (e.g., textbook falling and making loud
noise)

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7
Q

what is overt attention

A

Attention to information
being looked at directly
¤ Involves eye movements

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8
Q

what is covert attention

A

Attention to a location
not directly being looked at
¤ Not associated with eye
movements

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9
Q

what is the cocktail party email effect

A

Not strictly auditory
¤ We can voluntarily
choose to focus on
specific information
¤ Salient or pertinent
information can
catch our eye
¤ Email, Twitter,
Facebook

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10
Q

What is Endogenous Control

A

voluntary and cue usually needs interpretation

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11
Q

what is exogenous control

A

relexive and cue automatically draws attention

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12
Q

what are the 3 parts of the frontoparietal attentional network

A

PAS, AAS and VS

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13
Q

what is pas

A

Posterior Attentional System (PAS) - Responsible for
orienting of attention – where do we focus?

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14
Q

what is AAS

A

Anterior Attentional System (AAS) - Conscious
control of attention – what do we need to focus
on?

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15
Q

what is VS

A

Vigilance System (VS) - Prepares and sustains
alertness toward signals that demand high priority

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16
Q

what is the parietal love responsible for in response to attention (DISENGAGE)

A

Shifts of attention in
space
¤ ‘Where’ information

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17
Q

what is the superior colliculi responsible for in response to attention (MOVE)

A

Visual processing
and eye movements

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18
Q

what is the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus (enhance)

A

filtering/suppresing irrelevant stimuli

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19
Q

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

decision making and maintaining attention away from irrelevant information

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20
Q

modern trephination

A

the surgical procedure in which a hole is created in the skull

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21
Q

Leucotomy

A

Greek “cutting
white” (white matter)
¤ Cut connections between
frontal cortex and thalamus
¤ Small hole drilled in side of
skull
¤ Alleviate symptoms of
psychosis and depression

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22
Q

Lobotomy

A

Severing connections in the
brain’s prefrontal lobe
¤ Brain is accessed through the eye
sockets

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23
Q

what is clinical neuropsych

A

deals with psychological assessment, management, and rehabilitation of neurological disease and injury

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24
Q

what is experimental neuropsych

A

focuses on human behaviour

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25
what GLAND in the brain is responsible for behaviour
pineal gland
26
who was phinease gage
25 y/o railroad worker ¤Tamping iron shot penetrated left cheek, went through brain, exited skull on other side ¤Though blinded, did not lose consciousness
27
legallois discovery was important why (brainstem and medula)
lesioning the 2 resulted in cessation of breathing
28
electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe at variour points produced movements on the...
opposite side of the body
29
what is leucotomy
greek for cutting white matter its done to cut the connections between frontal cortex and thalamus to alleviate symptoms of psychosis and or depression
30
how much does the brain weigh
3lbs
31
why is the brain inconsistent
structures have more then one name and things are located in odd places
32
what is a neuron
communication cell
33
what is a glial cell
glue cell that supports other cellls
34
3 types of glial cells?
astrocytes(SPACE), oligodendrocytes(MYELIN) and microglia(small so removes debris)
35
what is the neuron made up of
dendrites soma axon and termianl buttons, synapse
36
whats the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus
sulcus is a more shallow cleft and a gyrus is a ridge in the cortex
37
whats grey matter
outermost layer of the brain
38
whats white matter?
myelinated axons that connect brain regions
39
CNS and PNS what are they made of
cns = brain, spinal cord Pns= nerves from the cns
40
autonomic system
Regulation of internal states
41
Somatic System:
Interaction with external environment (e.g., sensory input; touch
42
Sympathetic System:
Quick response to prepare body for vigorous activity (i.e., arousal)
43
3 major divisions of the brain
forebrain (TD) midbrain(M) Hind brain (MM)
44
Parasympathetic System
Non-emergency behaviours – responses that do not require a quick response (i.e., “rest and digest”; calming)
45
frontal lobe importance
planning, motor cortex, some speech
46
temporal lobe importance
auditory
47
parietal lobeimportance
sensation and touch
48
occipital lobe importance
visual stimuli
49
basal ganglia importance
voluntary movements
50
limbic system importance
behaviour and emotional responses
51
3 levels of meninges
dura mater arachnoid mater and pia mater
52
single cell recording is what
Electrodes inserted into individual neuron ¤ Activity of neuron related to behaviors
53
single cell recording advantages
Greater precision ¤ Conclude causality
54
single cell recording limitations
gerneralizability, artificial/too simple
55
cortical stimulation
Electrodes are placed on surface of brain
56
subcortical stimulation
Stimulating white matter pathways
57
deep brain stimulation
Implant electrodes into brain region of interest
58
controlled brain lesions are what
animal studies
59
Acquired Brain Lesions are what
patient studies, ¤ Any type of brain damage that occurs after birth
60
Electroencephalography (EEG)?
Detects electrical activity in brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to scalp
61
partial seizures
spikes and sharp waves on EEG in a specific area of the brain
62
generalized seizures
spikes and sharp waves are widely spread over entire brain
63
ERPs
Measured brain response to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event ¤ Repeat task and average activity over many trials
64
MRI?
Uses strong magnets to measure magnetic field to create detailed images
65
DTI?
Mapping white matter pathways in vivo
66
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes
67
FMRI
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
68
nociception?
pain and temp
69
Hapsis?
fine touch and pressure
70
proprioception?
awareness of body in space
71
spinothalamic tract
¤ Sensory pathway of nervous system Responsible for transmission of pain, temperature, and crude touch
72
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway:
Sensory pathway of CNS
73
¤Corticospinal Tract
Forms part of descending spinal tract system
74
Parietal Lobe
Major sensory processing hub
75
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Decision to execute voluntary movement
76
Homunculus
Map along motor cortex of where each part of body is processed
77
cerebellum?
Coordinating movement
78
what happens to attention when in pain
when attention is diverted pain decreases
79
apraxia?
Inability to perform skilled, purposeful movement
80
Ideomotor Apraxia
Cannot execute or imitate simple gestures in response to a command
81
Ideational Apraxia
“An impairment in knowing how, rather than what, to do”
82
Astereognosis
Loss of the ability to identify an object by touch
83
Phantom Limb Syndrome
result of cortical reorganization
84
retina?
Light-sensitive membrane in the back of eye that contains rods and cones
85
optic nerve
Ganglion cell axons ¤ Leave eye at optic disc (blind spot)
86
optic chiasm
Point of crossover for half of the visual projections
87
blind spot?
Where optic nerve passes through optic disc
88
Hemianopia
Loss of vision in half the visual field
89
Scotoma
Loss of vision in one point
90
Quadrantanopia
Loss of vision to a quarter of the visual field
91
ventral stream
¤ “What” pathway ¤ Recognizing objects ¤ Names and functions of objects regardless of location
92
Dorsal Stream
“Where”/“How” pathway ¤ Locations of objects, but not their names or functions ¤ How to interact with objects
93
encode
attending to information
94
consolidation
storing info for later use
95
retrieval
Accessing information from where it is stored in the brain for use
96
¤Short Term Memory (STM)
Holds information beyond the duration of the sensory store, but not permanently ¤ Duration: seconds, unless rehearsed ¤ Capacity: 7 +/- 2
97
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Can be recalled days, months, or years after they were stored ¤ Duration: relatively permanent ¤ Capacity: Unlimited (?)
98
Working Memory
¤ Info that is going to be acted on or used New information (e.g., where you parked) ¤ Information retrieved from LTM (e.g., phone #)
99
3 components of working memory
Central executive (controls attention) 2) Phonological Loop (inner speech) 3) Visuospatial Sketchpad (visuospatial info)
100
2 types of long term memory
Explicit Memories ¤ Facts and events that can be easily communicated ¤ Implicit Memories ¤ Skills and habits (not easily communicated)
101
3 classes of ltm?
Episodic: unique past experience (explicit); e.g.,) First time driving car Semantic: Recollection of knowledge without unique experience; non-e.g.,) Names of colours Implicit (Procedural): Physical recollection of muscle movements required to carry out a learned task (i.e., motor skills; implicit)
102
what did HM prove abt hippocampus
not in the ltm, not for retrieval, not for stm,
103
Amnesia
failure to encode store or retrieve a memory
104
anterograde amnesia
Inability to make new memories after event
105
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory from before event
106
anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia
107
Fugue State
Individual loses memory of personal history/identity
108
alzheimers disease
Development of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
109
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
¤Caused by severe B1 (thiamine) deficiency
110
¤Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
Allows individual to remember every detail of their lives with near-perfect accuracy

Usask year 3.1 (11 decks)

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