psych part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a homograph
A
words with the sam spelling but dif meanings like read and read
2
Q
what is a homophone?
A
same pronunciation but dif meaning like break and brake
3
Q
whats an orthography?
A
a way a word looks is how it should sound
4
Q
in writing sytems what is the alphabet for
A
each symbol represents a letter or phoneme
5
Q
what is a heritage language
A
language of home country ie at home with family
6
Q
what is a socital language
A
language they speak in society ie at work with friends
7
Q
what area of the brain does the bilingual brain use the most of and why?
A
dorsolateral prefontal cortex it decodes the speech sounds of multiple languages
8
Q
what is the sensitive period
A
the sensitive period is where children have a biological disposition to learn language
9
Q
what is the bilingual advantage
A
metalinguistic awareness
10
Q
what is the adaptive control hypothesis
A
the pattern of adaptive changes to the control processes
11
Q
what is the stroop test
A
presents people with words but ur supposed to say the collour the words font is not the word u read
12
Q
mono vs bi who comes up with more words
A
mono 30 seconds
13
Q
whats the weaker link hypothesis
A
bilinguals are disadvantaged relative to mono on speaking tasks because they divide frequency of use between two languages
14
Q
who is good at isolating specific speech cues amid noise
A
musicians
15
Q
whats a balanced bilingual
A
speak write and communicate in both
16
Q
whats an unbalanced bilingual
A
prefrence for native language
17
Q
in visual reception what is the retina look like
A
a curved projection scrreen
18
Q
where does transduction occur
A
the retina
19
Q
whats direct perception
A
perciever is aware of what one is doing without explanation
20
Q
machiene perception
A
tesla
21
Q
inverse projection problem
A
image projected on retina may not be what the actual image is
22
Q
what constructivist perception
A
based on liklihood principle
23
Q
whats viewpoint perception
A
recognizing things from different viewpoints
24
Q
visual perseption with elements you would see what?
A
dots
25
gestalts believed in simplicity what does that mean
were drawn to make the simplest interpretations as we can
26
what does proximity mean
objects near each other
27
what does similarity mean?
things that are similar to eachother
28
what is good continuation
all elemnts are percieved as a group and are sought out to be related
29
figure ground segregation
point of intrest is seperated from the background
30
scene recognition?
what we expect from the scene
31
environmental regularities
environments are dominated by horizontal and vertical but were less sensitive to 45*
32
oblique effect
less sensitive to weird angles
33
perception vs action
what were seeing vs what were actually engaging with
34
what pathway in the brain controls the where and how
the dorsal pathway
35
what does the temporal lobe/ventral controlls the what
production of speech and comprehension
36
whats the function of mirror neurons
allow individuals to simulate and understand others actions emotions and intentions through shared neural structures
37
what is the attentional system
allows us to focus on the important and filter out the non important
38
whats the early selection filter theory prove?
anything unmeaningful is filtered out
39
attentuation theory proves that
its made to weaken the info not block it usually involves dichotic listening taska
40
late selection filter theory
all info is processed at that point BUT unimportant doesnt get thru
41
whats implicit priming
list of words and then later asked to repeat them when they werent told to remember them
42
cognitive load?
the more one has to do the more there cognitive load is so the more attention they have to pay to that task
43
inattentional blindness
u miss something really obvious because you werent paying attention
44
load theory of attention
we only have a certain amount of energy we can commit to a task
45
overt attention
u pay attention to something by watching it move (following a ball in soccer)
46
covert attention
mental shift of attention without physical movement (driving a car)
47
feature integration
features percieved on an object are percieved early as elements and then the whole thing comes together
48
Illusory conjunctions
features are mistakenly combined shapes and colours
49
cerebral lateralization
division of information processing
50
divided atttention
Reading while listening to music, is difficult because both processes require language
51
split brain surgery
cutting a band of fibers (the corpus callosum) in the brain.
52
Spatial attention
commonly used to asses visiospatial attention
53
spatial neglect
often fail to be aware of items on their left side for patients with right brain damage
54
what is the closest animal equivalent to early human speech
animal birdsongs
55
Why are birds similar to humans?
species specific songs like dialects sensitive development periods and vocal modeling by the tutot
56
what are the difference birds share from humans
vocal repotoire and purpose of vocalization
57
who was the earliest attempt of communication in apes
viki
58
why was viki unsuccesful
because she couldnt mimic human sounds
59
who learned language through lexigrams
kanzi
60
what is the evolution of human language
pidgin to creole
61
what 3 things do sophisticated languages require
symbolic generative and structured
62
how does the vocal tract work
air comes from the lungs to the larynx past the vocal folds then out the mouth
63
vocal tract is made of what
soft tissue and cartilage
64
what are phonemes
sounds of the language
65
what are morphemes
meaning of words
66
what is pragmatics
language that isnt spoken
67
cooperative principle
participants in a conversation cooperate with one another
68
according to gricean maxims what are the four maxims in a conversation
quality quantity relation and manner
69
what are two development cues learned in early children language development
babies mimic faces at 3 weeks and turn taking is learned in infancy
70
What's an index gesture?
Signed that points to its objective relates to it
71
whats an iconic gesture
blowing bubbles
72
co speech gestures
Hand movements and speaking
73
When can a foetus hear the mother's voice?
Third trimester
74
When does vocal spurt happen?
age 2
75
What is an overregulation?
Thinking about syntax rules and then trying to understand them i.e. I hitted the ball
76
pragmatic strapping is what
pitch and tone teach kids about grammar
77
language is acquired through learning, was taught by who
BF Skinner
78
Language was universal, and it was tied to brain development was researched by who
Noah Chomsky
79
What is the wernicks area?
critical for speech comprehension
80
what is brocas area?
language comprehension
81
what is lexical bias?
Focusses on the word, but not the tone
82
what is locution?
Literal meaning
83
what is illocutioon
The intended meaning
84
what is perlocution?
How should I feel about it?
85
expressive aphasia BROCAS AREA
cant produce language but understands it
86
whats receptive aphasia/wernicks aphasia
they may not say the right thing
87
mental imagery happens in the absence of...
sensory input
88
who thought visual imagery was a function of thought
edward titchner
89
what is the perky effect
describes the relationship between real visual information (perception) and mental imagery.
90
Brain, regions, associated with blank, and blank are most active during rem
Vision and emotion
91
propositional representation
mental relationships between objects are represented by symbols and not by mental images of the scene.
92
depictive representation
similar to realistic pictures
93
implicit encoding
mental imagery is used to retrieve info
94
perceptual equivalence
vision and touch function in the same way
95
Transformational equivalence
when imagining an object we can think of it in different angles like we would with a physical one
96
structural equivalence
visual images are formed like physical pictures with pieces that fit together to form a final image.
97
What is visual agnosia?
An impairment in recognizing visually presented objects
98
What is synthesia
Seeing music
99
what are two strategies of spatial navigation?
Egocentric and allocentric
100
what is egocentric navigation
Position relative to start based purely on physical movement, uses turn rate and distance
101
what is allocentric navigation
Cognitive map and it's in long-term memory hippocampus is needed
102
in gender what plays in the role of navigation
Men have better accuracy and women based navigation on landmarks and directions
103
what is the food storing bird called and what neurologically changes
Clarks nutcracker, and the hippocampus changes
104
what bird does long-distance navigation?
European starlings they begin in Norway, and then travel to Spain
105
what is vector navigation
Follows only One Direction
106
what is true navigation
If you release an animal anywhere, they will find their way back
107
what is special about homing pigeons?
They use all factory cues to smell changes in the wind and they have magnetic cues that are sensitive to change in earths fields
108
are butterflies capable of forming a cognitive map
No
109
our turtles capable of forming a cognitive map
No
110
what do bees do to find food?
Dance
111
retroactive interference
New learning interferes with old learning from getting maybe from decay
112
proactive interference
A person is not able to remember new information because old information stop the retrieval of new information
113
what strategy do superior memorizes use?
mnemonic strategies combine visual imagery with spatial information
114
what is absentmindedness
Resulted from poor attention during coding and example being when you thought you locked your house because you do it every day but you forgot
115
what is prospective memory
remembering to perform a planned action
116
What is episodic memory?
Long-term memory that uses previous experiences with the context of time place and associated emotion
117
what is the reminiscence bump?
A form of mental time travel
118
What is a flashbulb memory?
Vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, but they only recall aspects from other information learned
119
what is category clustering, and what's an example
Organizing in memory by related groups
120
What did the wording of questions affect memory paper discuss
Students answers can be changed based on how the question was worded
121
what is the misinformation effect?
changing how the question is worded provides a different answe
122
what is cryptomnesia
Taking some from someone else, but you didn't know you did it an example being stealing a song but you didn't know you did it
123
what is the illusory truth effect?
Repetition increases a persons confidence for something being true when it may not be
124
What is a false memory?
Someone recalls something that didn't happen
125
simultaneous lineups versus sequential lineups
sequential lineup shows lineup members to the witness one at a time simultaneous lineup shows the witness all lineup members at once.
126
the case of ronald cotton proves what?
Conclusive DNA testing later proved that he was not the attacker and that the memory can be inaccurate
127
absolute judgments
degree of match between an individual lineup member and memory for the perpetrator;
128
relative judgments
degree to which the best-matching lineup member is a better match to memory than the remaining lineup members
