psych part 2 Flashcards
what is a homograph
words with the sam spelling but dif meanings like read and read
what is a homophone?
same pronunciation but dif meaning like break and brake
whats an orthography?
a way a word looks is how it should sound
in writing sytems what is the alphabet for
each symbol represents a letter or phoneme
what is a heritage language
language of home country ie at home with family
what is a socital language
language they speak in society ie at work with friends
what area of the brain does the bilingual brain use the most of and why?
dorsolateral prefontal cortex it decodes the speech sounds of multiple languages
what is the sensitive period
the sensitive period is where children have a biological disposition to learn language
what is the bilingual advantage
metalinguistic awareness
what is the adaptive control hypothesis
the pattern of adaptive changes to the control processes
what is the stroop test
presents people with words but ur supposed to say the collour the words font is not the word u read
mono vs bi who comes up with more words
mono 30 seconds
whats the weaker link hypothesis
bilinguals are disadvantaged relative to mono on speaking tasks because they divide frequency of use between two languages
who is good at isolating specific speech cues amid noise
musicians
whats a balanced bilingual
speak write and communicate in both
whats an unbalanced bilingual
prefrence for native language
in visual reception what is the retina look like
a curved projection scrreen
where does transduction occur
the retina
whats direct perception
perciever is aware of what one is doing without explanation
machiene perception
tesla
inverse projection problem
image projected on retina may not be what the actual image is
what constructivist perception
based on liklihood principle
whats viewpoint perception
recognizing things from different viewpoints
visual perseption with elements you would see what?
dots
gestalts believed in simplicity what does that mean
were drawn to make the simplest interpretations as we can
what does proximity mean
objects near each other
what does similarity mean?
things that are similar to eachother
what is good continuation
all elemnts are percieved as a group and are sought out to be related
figure ground segregation
point of intrest is seperated from the background
scene recognition?
what we expect from the scene
environmental regularities
environments are dominated by horizontal and vertical but were less sensitive to 45*
oblique effect
less sensitive to weird angles
perception vs action
what were seeing vs what were actually engaging with
what pathway in the brain controls the where and how
the dorsal pathway
what does the temporal lobe/ventral controlls the what
production of speech and comprehension
whats the function of mirror neurons
allow individuals to simulate and understand others actions emotions and intentions through shared neural structures
what is the attentional system
allows us to focus on the important and filter out the non important
whats the early selection filter theory prove?
anything unmeaningful is filtered out
attentuation theory proves that
its made to weaken the info not block it usually involves dichotic listening taska
late selection filter theory
all info is processed at that point BUT unimportant doesnt get thru
whats implicit priming
list of words and then later asked to repeat them when they werent told to remember them
cognitive load?
the more one has to do the more there cognitive load is so the more attention they have to pay to that task
inattentional blindness
u miss something really obvious because you werent paying attention
load theory of attention
we only have a certain amount of energy we can commit to a task
overt attention
u pay attention to something by watching it move (following a ball in soccer)
covert attention
mental shift of attention without physical movement (driving a car)
feature integration
features percieved on an object are percieved early as elements and then the whole thing comes together
Illusory conjunctions
features are mistakenly combined shapes and colours
cerebral lateralization
division of information processing
divided atttention
Reading while listening to music, is difficult because both processes require language
split brain surgery
cutting a band of fibers (the corpus callosum) in the brain.
Spatial attention
commonly used to asses visiospatial attention
spatial neglect
often fail to be aware of items on their left side for patients with right brain damage
what is the closest animal equivalent to early human speech
animal birdsongs
Why are birds similar to humans?
species specific songs like dialects sensitive development periods and vocal modeling by the tutot
what are the difference birds share from humans
vocal repotoire and purpose of vocalization
who was the earliest attempt of communication in apes
viki
why was viki unsuccesful
because she couldnt mimic human sounds
who learned language through lexigrams
kanzi
what is the evolution of human language
pidgin to creole
what 3 things do sophisticated languages require
symbolic generative and structured
how does the vocal tract work
air comes from the lungs to the larynx past the vocal folds then out the mouth
vocal tract is made of what
soft tissue and cartilage
what are phonemes
sounds of the language
what are morphemes
meaning of words
what is pragmatics
language that isnt spoken
cooperative principle
participants in a conversation cooperate with one another
according to gricean maxims what are the four maxims in a conversation
quality quantity relation and manner
what are two development cues learned in early children language development
babies mimic faces at 3 weeks and turn taking is learned in infancy
What’s an index gesture?
Signed that points to its objective relates to it
whats an iconic gesture
blowing bubbles
co speech gestures
Hand movements and speaking
When can a foetus hear the mother’s voice?
Third trimester
When does vocal spurt happen?
age 2
What is an overregulation?
Thinking about syntax rules and then trying to understand them i.e. I hitted the ball
pragmatic strapping is what
pitch and tone teach kids about grammar
language is acquired through learning, was taught by who
BF Skinner
Language was universal, and it was tied to brain development was researched by who
Noah Chomsky
What is the wernicks area?
critical for speech comprehension
what is brocas area?
language comprehension
what is lexical bias?
Focusses on the word, but not the tone
what is locution?
Literal meaning
what is illocutioon
The intended meaning
what is perlocution?
How should I feel about it?
expressive aphasia BROCAS AREA
cant produce language but understands it
whats receptive aphasia/wernicks aphasia
they may not say the right thing
mental imagery happens in the absence of…
sensory input
who thought visual imagery was a function of thought
edward titchner
what is the perky effect
describes the relationship between real visual information (perception) and mental imagery.
Brain, regions, associated with blank, and blank are most active during rem
Vision and emotion
propositional representation
mental relationships between objects are represented by symbols and not by mental images of the scene.
depictive representation
similar to realistic pictures
implicit encoding
mental imagery is used to retrieve info
perceptual equivalence
vision and touch function in the same way
Transformational equivalence
when imagining an object we can think of it in different angles like we would with a physical one
structural equivalence
visual images are formed like physical pictures with pieces that fit together to form a final image.
What is visual agnosia?
An impairment in recognizing visually presented objects
What is synthesia
Seeing music
what are two strategies of spatial navigation?
Egocentric and allocentric
what is egocentric navigation
Position relative to start based purely on physical movement, uses turn rate and distance
what is allocentric navigation
Cognitive map and it’s in long-term memory hippocampus is needed
in gender what plays in the role of navigation
Men have better accuracy and women based navigation on landmarks and directions
what is the food storing bird called and what neurologically changes
Clarks nutcracker, and the hippocampus changes
what bird does long-distance navigation?
European starlings they begin in Norway, and then travel to Spain
what is vector navigation
Follows only One Direction
what is true navigation
If you release an animal anywhere, they will find their way back
what is special about homing pigeons?
They use all factory cues to smell changes in the wind and they have magnetic cues that are sensitive to change in earths fields
are butterflies capable of forming a cognitive map
No
our turtles capable of forming a cognitive map
No
what do bees do to find food?
Dance
retroactive interference
New learning interferes with old learning from getting maybe from decay
proactive interference
A person is not able to remember new information because old information stop the retrieval of new information
what strategy do superior memorizes use?
mnemonic strategies combine visual imagery with spatial information
what is absentmindedness
Resulted from poor attention during coding and example being when you thought you locked your house because you do it every day but you forgot
what is prospective memory
remembering to perform a planned action
What is episodic memory?
Long-term memory that uses previous experiences with the context of time place and associated emotion
what is the reminiscence bump?
A form of mental time travel
What is a flashbulb memory?
Vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, but they only recall aspects from other information learned
what is category clustering, and what’s an example
Organizing in memory by related groups
What did the wording of questions affect memory paper discuss
Students answers can be changed based on how the question was worded
what is the misinformation effect?
changing how the question is worded provides a different answe
what is cryptomnesia
Taking some from someone else, but you didn’t know you did it an example being stealing a song but you didn’t know you did it
what is the illusory truth effect?
Repetition increases a persons confidence for something being true when it may not be
What is a false memory?
Someone recalls something that didn’t happen
simultaneous lineups versus sequential lineups
sequential lineup shows lineup members to the witness one at a time simultaneous lineup shows the witness all lineup members at once.
the case of ronald cotton proves what?
Conclusive DNA testing later proved that he was not the attacker and that the memory can be inaccurate
absolute judgments
degree of match between an individual lineup member and memory for the perpetrator;
relative judgments
degree to which the best-matching lineup member is a better match to memory than the remaining lineup members
