psych part 3 Flashcards
what is the modal model of memory storage
input comes in trhough the ears and goes into sensory memory then it goes into short term memory from there some memories are tossed completley, some stay with repetiton and some make it to long term
what is the sperling task
12 letters flashed then repeat what u saw
partial report is what
you have 12 letters but u have to say what row u saw what letter on this method is 75% more accurate but when sound delayed only 30%
what is masking in memory
masking erases that original piece of info if its presented to quickly
short term memory is…
is any info thats made it past the attenuator
digit span task
numerous trials with different sets of numbers
george miller and magic number 7
he believe that humans could only remember up to 7 digits before they started forgetting
whats the scanning task
scanning through numbers or letters to find the probe
parallel scanning
is seeing all the letters at once then seeing if the probe was there this strategy is too fast
serial strategy
go thru each one and stop when u find it
exhaustive strategy
go thru each one even after u found it
working memory capacity
memory for visual stimuli
articulatory suppression
restricting somone from repeating back words
central executive functions
controlled processing in working memory and decision making
phonological loop
speech and sound related componet of working memory
episodic buffer
the link between working memory and ltm
what is categorization
a mental representation of an object or event
categories vs concepts
categories are broad concepts are specific
what is typicality
typical items are more easily judged as members of a category than atypical items
what is a prototype approach to categorization
average representation of the typical members of a category
what are the 3 ways of organizing knowledge
global/super basic and specific/sub
an animal is an example of what category
global
a gold fish is an example of what category
specific subordinate
a fish is an example of what category
basic
how does spreading activation work?
When the word chocolate was processed, it may have activated the node for cookie via spreading activation, leading to participants thinking they remembered the word cookie being on the list.
whats the lexical decision task
how long it takes to see if a word is real or not
what is the connectionist model
knowledge is distributed rather then being localized and that it is retrieved through spreading activation
graceful degration
info processing should be be able to respond to minor errors without generating completley incorrect output ie escalators
sensory functional hypothesis
living things depends on their perceptual features while the distinction between nonliving things depends on their functional features.
what is long term memory
info that is sufficiently encoded in short term memory moves to long term storage
serial position effect
tendency to remember the first and last thing from a list
in reading/memory the primary effect is….
the first words have privelege
recency effect…
last words have privlege 30 sec delays recency
explicit memory uses what type of effort
requires concious effort
implicit memory
motor skills doesnt require conscious effort
shallow processing
superficial level of mental processing that primarily focuses on the surface-level features of information or stimuli
deep processing
rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. images, thinking, associations, etc.) of information and leads to better recall
explixit memory is made up of. 2 types of memory..
episodic and semantic mwmory
implicit memory is made up of two types of memory
classical conditioning and procedal memory
what are the 4 types of instruction in depth processsing
- Explicit learning (Learn the word)
- Implicit learning (Is there an “e”)
- Implicit learning (Count the letters)
- Implicit learning (How pleasant?)
what is the generation effect
where information is better remembered if it is generated from one’s own mind rather than simply read.
retrieval aid
Retrieval cues are used to associate memories with an experience or object to help the retrieval of that memory.
self reference effect
give a list of words and relate them back to self
production effect
Verbally produce the information
enactment effect
reteaching someone the info
encoding specificity
the condition u learn in will be the best to take tests in
state dependant learning like encoding specificity
people are more likely to retrieve memories in the same state of consciousness
adaptive memory
Humans preferentially remember information processed for their survival relevance
is hilighting useful
no
elaborative interrogation
involves the student in generating an explanation for why an explicitly stated fact or concept is true.
best way to learn complex material steps
One rung at a time
Go in intervals
Proximal learning is effective for complex information
karl lashley theory of the brain
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
who was hm and what happened
Had numerous seizures
Graded retrograde amnesia
He stopped having seizures after the hippocampus was removed
But he started having memory deficits issues
He developed Anterograde amnesia
Explicit memory requires
the hippocampus
who was clive wearing
developed total amnesia as a result of his illness. Because of damage to the hippocampus he is completely unable to form lasting new memories. His memory for events lasts between seven and thirty seconds.
neurons that fire together…
wire together
what does neurons that fire together wire together mean
when activity in one cell repeatedly elicits action potentials in a second cell, synaptic strength is potentiated (32).
what is the Entorhinal cortex
located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time.
neurogenesis in the hippocampus
new neurons are formed to migrate to form circuits within the hippocampus
what is ltp
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
– Occurs when two neurons continually fire together
– Subsequent firing becomes more efficient
whats synaptic consolidation
a process that enables synapses to retain their strength for a much longer time (days to years), instead of returning to their original value.
systems consolidation id dependant on…
less dependant on hippocampusover time
Standard consolidation model
Over time the memory trace becomes less and less dependant on the hippocampus and its stored in different regions
Long term memories are independent of the campus
multiple trace model in consolidation
Over time memories are stored in a different area
Traces in the campus allow for fine details of the memory
Even tho its stored outside when the hippo is damaged youll lose some of those memories
Memory consolidation
Memory consolidation refers to the process by which a temporary, labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form.
Memory reconsolidation
Memory reconsolidation is the process in which reactivated long-term memory (LTM) becomes transiently sensitive to amnesic agents that are effective at consolidation
Effect of inhibiting enneagram neurons
Fear conditioning in mice
Located in hippocampus
Inducing responses in enneagram neurons
if you can erase a memory yu can reinstall a memory by exciting a neurons
Light stimulation is used to turn the neurons on and off
