Psychological Theories of Development

Question 1

critical windows

Answer 1

some aspects of development (language) depend on certain contexts or environmental factors

Question 2

Psychosexual stages

Freud

Answer 2

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

Question 3

oral psychosexual stage

Answer 3

birth-1yr

Manipulative, emotionally hungry, passivity

Question 4

anal psychosexual stage

Answer 4

1-3yrs

Obsessive and controlling vs. reckless and defiant

Question 5

phallic psychosexual stage

Answer 5

3-6yrs (Oedipus)

End of omnipotence, solidification of gender role

Question 6

latency psychosexual stage

Answer 6

6-puberty

Sexual unfulfillment if don’t move past this stage

Question 7

Genital psychosexual stage

Answer 7

puberty-death

Satisfaction in relationships

Question 8

Freuds theory on developmental deficits

Answer 8

sx from development resulted from an unresolved conflict or failure to navigate a psychosexual stage

Question 9

Freuds Newtonian theory

Answer 9

id vs. ego vs. superego

young children are “id-ridden”

adequate upbringing instills superego/ego

Question 10

id

Answer 10

instinct, desire for power and pleasure

kids=id-ridden

(pt of Freud Newtonian theory)

Question 11

ego

Answer 11

defenses, mediates between id and superego

pt of Freud Newtonian theory

Question 12

superego

Answer 12

societal and moral ideal

pt of Freud Newtonian theory

Question 13

Erikson

Answer 13

expanded on Freud’s theories, but more emphasis on SOCIAL INFLUENCES on develipment

each psychosocial strength –> specific pd of importance

stages accumulate and don’t necessarily happen in described order

healthy adults master envious, have stable personality, can perceive world and themselves correctily

Question 14

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 14

birth-1yr

sense that world=good place

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 15

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 15

1-3yr

Realize you’re independent and can make decisions

Think of terrible 2s

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 16

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 16

3-6yr

Try new things, handle failure

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 17

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 17

6-adolescence

Learn skills, work with others

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 18

Identity vs. Confusion

Answer 18

adolescence

develop lasting, integrated self

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 19

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 19

young adult

Commit to loving relationship

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 20

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 20

Middle adult

Contribute to younger generation

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 21

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 21

late life

View one’s life as satisfactory and worthwhile

(Erikson’s psychosocial stages)

Question 22

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 22

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1yr)

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3yr)

Initiave vs. Guilt (3-6yr)

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-adolescence)

Identity vs. Confusion (adolescence)

Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult)

Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult)

Integrity vs. Despair (late life)

Question 23

Learning theory

Answer 23

more of a purely nurture idea

Question 24

watson

Answer 24

anything can be learned by anyone

Question 25

skinner

Answer 25

you can induce behavior in someone studied condition reinforcement in animals

Question 26

classical conditioning

Answer 26

behavior becomes an automatic response to a stimulus happens best when based on biological responses

Question 27

cognitivism

Answer 27

1) the memory is an active organized processor of information 2) prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. (Delineate algorithms, patterns, etc.) (Learning and development happen simultaneously)

Question 28

Constructivism

Answer 28

From educational psychology, emphasizes active process of learning. Learners bring their internalized ideas, culture, history of learning, etc. to each new subject. (Development precedes learning).

Question 29

Vtgotsky

Answer 29

emphasized importance of cultural specifics of developmental goals, learned through “apprenticeships” by proximal adults “Zone of proximal development:” (defines the range of tasks a child can complete) (Learning precedes development).

Question 30

zone of proximal development

Answer 30

(Vygotsky) defines the range of tasks a child can complete ideal task being too hard for the child to complete alone but possible with assistance

Question 31

Vtgotsky

Answer 31

emphasized importance of CULTURAL specifics of developmental goals, learned through “APPRENTICESHIPS” by proximal adults “Zone of proximal development:” (defines the range of tasks a child can complete) (Learning PRECEDES development). our school system --> based on his theory (take gen chem before ochem)

Question 32

Piaget

Answer 32

cognitive developmental framework, describes how children construct knowledge at each stage w/ growing intellectual capacity, children seek to make sense of their envious in new/complex ways

Question 33

Piaget stages of cognitive development

Answer 33

sensorimotor (birth-2yrs) preoperational (2-6yrs) concrete operational (7-adol.) formal operational (adol. + fwd)

Question 34

sensorimotor stage

Answer 34

birth-2yrs Knowledge of world based on senses and exploration of immediate surroundings (Piaget stages of cognitive development)

Question 35

preoperational stage

Answer 35

2-6yrs Symbols (words, numbers) used to represent broader world, but children only understand their own perspective (Piaget stages of cognitive development)

Question 36

concrete operational

Answer 36

7-adolescence Apply logic to experiences, but focus on here and now (Piaget stages of cognitive development)

Question 37

Formal operational

Answer 37

adolescence-beyond think abstractly, deal w/ hypothetical situations, speculate about multiple possibilities (Piaget stages of cognitive development)

Question 38

Formal operational

Answer 38

adolescence-beyond Think abstractly, deal w/ hypothetical situations, speculate about multiple possibilities (Piaget stages of cognitive development)

Question 39

operant conditioning

Answer 39

behavior is reinforced by reward or punishment

Question 40

social learning theory

Answer 40

studied notion that perceptions of others and others' perceived ideas about you impact your mimicry and therefore your learning

Question 41

who posited the idea of transitional object?

Answer 41

winnicott (object relations theory) (security blanket) - bridge between self and other, helps child separate from parent

Question 42

bowlby defined attachment as

Answer 42

infants need for and efforts at maintaining a nurturing bond with their primary caregiver