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psycholgical disorders (exam 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

what does “abnormal mean” 3 parts

A
  1. statistical infrequency or normative deviation
    - rare or deviant
  2. psychological dysfunction or maladaptive behavior
    - breakdown of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
  3. personal distress
    - causes a problem for the client
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2
Q

statistical infrequency or deviation from a norm

A

-Statistical infrequency: behavior is abnormal if it is rare
Paranoia, hallucinations, clinical depression. But so is High IQ (click to show distribution), or artistic prowess.

Deviation from a norm:
– Failing to achieve a personal/cultural ideal
– Vague: Whose ideal? Culturally relative
-A problem: homosexuality up until 1974, was included as a psychological disorder

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3
Q

Psychological dysfunction or maladaptive behavior

A 
Psychological Dysfunction:
– Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• Paranoia (cognitive)
• Can’t keep a job (behavioral/social).
• Unprompted mood swings (Emotional)
• Hard to define “dysfunction”

Maladaptive Behavior:
– Inability to reach personal goals
– Interfering with social functioning
– Alcoholic argues with family, loses job, doesn’t provide for family

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4
Q

personal distress

A

– Suicidal thoughts
– Upset at own behavior (excessive elation, cleanliness)
– But: sometimes distress is expected and normal - loss of a loved one.
Religion might have the first two parts, but not the third.

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5
Q

Diathesis-Stress model

A

-disposition to a disorder meets an environment that brings it out

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6
Q

Mood disorders

A
  • disturbance in emotional feelings strong enough to interfere with daily living
  • categorized by “episodes” of intense moods
  • Depressive, hypomanic, manic, mixed
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7
Q

Major depressive disorder (severe)

A

-mood disorder

  • interferes with concentration, decision-making, and sociability
  • affects 1 in 5 people, women more than men
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8
Q

Mania

A
  • mood disorder episode
  • reckless behavior (feeling invincible-clear out bank accounts, take huge risks)
  • swings from mania to depression can last months or years
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9
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A
  • mood disorder
  • alternating periods of mania and depression
  • many diagnosed with depression may actually have bipolar disorder
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10
Q

major depression

A
  • mood disorder episode

- -sufferers often feel lonely, useless, and worthless for years at a time

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11
Q

Evolutionary response

A

depression ends the pursuit of unrealistic goals so that the person can then pursue more realistic things

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12
Q

females have a high probability of developing major depression for the first time at a high between ages 47-57

A

yuh

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13
Q

mood disorders; genetics; chemicals

A
  • brain features
  • enlarged amygdala
  • low activity in left frontal lobe
  • associated w positive emotions; approach orientation
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14
Q

mood disorders; faulty cognition

A
  • learned helplessness, hopelessness

- external locus of control

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15
Q

mood disorders; social component

A
  • need to belong not being met

- depression as a social crutch

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16
Q

american indians, asian/pacific islanders,

A

high rates of suicides in ethnic groups

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17
Q

suicide and gender

A
  • females are 3 times more likely to attempt

- BUT 3-4 times more men die from suicide

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18
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • long term, persistent anxiety and worry
  • sometimes causes are identifiable, sometimes not
  • hard to concentrate, increased stress often results in physical problems (muscle tension, migraines, insomnia )
19
Q

Non-generaized anxiety disorders

A
  • panic diorders
  • phobia
  • PTSD
  • OCD
20
Q

Anxiety Disorders:

Panic Attacks

A
  • that last from a few seconds to several hours

- feelings of impending doom, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness

21
Q

Anxiety Disorders:

Panic Disorder

A
  • panic attacks
  • onset of attacks often without cuing
  • often develop AGORAPHOBIA because they’re afraid of getting into a situation in which they can’t escape and having a panic attack, so they avoid going into public (hermits)
22
Q

anxiety can be very adaptive (fight or flights)-it can warn us about a very real danger but»»

A

turns into a disorder when it’s irrational or doesn’t have an identifiable cause

23
Q

Anxiety Disorders: Phobias

A
  • intense, irrational fears of specific objects of situations
  • IRRATIONAL
  • phobias differ from other disorders because there’s an actual, identifiable cause
  • severity depends on the specific stimuli that triggers the anxiety
  • extreme avoidance stimuli –>social phobias (social anxiety disorders)=avoid people
  • specific phobia–>avoid particular stimulus (heights, cigars, spiders, fish)
24
Q

Anxiety Disorders:

PTSD

A
  1. experience of traumatic events (war, sexual abuse, natural disaster)
  2. experiences fear and helplessness in the situation
  3. Re-expresses the experience over time
    - persistent re-experience (thoughts, dreams, hallucinations)
    - avoidance of stimuli associated w trauma
    - heightened arousal (on edge) ((hyper vigilance))
25
Q

Anxiety Disorders:

OCD

A

-Obsessions (thoughts): persistent, unwanted thoughts or ideas like a thought you can’t get out of your head, doubts, impulses, need for orderliness

-Compulsions (actions):
irresistible ugers to repeatedly carry out some actions that seem strange and unreasonable
-checking if the door locks 50 times or checking to taster over and over

-thought of stopping causes extreme anxiety, therefore you are rewarded for repeating the behavior

26
Q

Dissociative Disorders -

A
  • seperation of critical parts of the personality that normally work together
  • keeps traumatic events unconscious
  • involves “blank” periods in memory
27
Q

Dissociative Disorders:

dissociative identity disorder

A

-multiple personalities- two or more distinct personalities with different likes, dislikes, abilities

28
Q

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociate fugue

A
  • sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity
  • can last for months or years
  • often wake up and have no idea what happened
29
Q

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociate Amnesia

A
  • just like regular amnesia, only with a psychological cause (info is still there, just repressed)
30
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

in general are very rare, and they have the common theme of allowing people to escape from some anxiety-provoking situation

31
Q

Underlying theme of dissociative disorder

A

escape

32
Q

Personality disorders

A
  • a set of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that keep a person from functioning properly of society
  • People with personality disorders often live very normal lives; it’s often difficult to tell there’s a problem until you get to know them well
33
Q

Personality disorder:

antisocial

A
  • individuals show no regard for the moral ad ethical rules of society
  • often appear intelligent and likable
  • manipulative, deceptive, and lack remorse
  • sociopathic
  • most psychopaths are antisocial, but not all antisocial are psychopaths
34
Q

antisocial possible causes

A
  • Family problems (often come from 1-parent families or homes with a lack of attention)
  • Typically come from lower economic groups
35
Q

Avoidant personality / asocial personality

A

-high social discomfort, feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to negative evaluation

36
Q

Personality disorder:

Borderline

A
  • individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of self
  • often look to others to define relationships
  • lack of trust, emotionally volatile (love people 1 min, hate them the next)
  • tend to be sexually promiscuous
  • suicidal/self-mutiliation tendencies
37
Q

Personality disorder:

Narcissistic

A
  • exaggerated sense of self-importance
  • expects special treatment from others
  • grandiose and/or entitled
38
Q

Schizophrenia and hallmarks

A

-a class of disorders that are characterized by a severe distortion of reality

Hallmarks
-Decline from a previous level of functioning

  • Disturbances of thought and language – thinking patterns don’t make sense – often ramble, no clear train of thought, mumbling
  • Delusions – firmly held, ushakable beliefs with no basis in reality (beliefs that people are listening to their thoughts, paranoia, etc.)
  • Hallucinations and perceptual disorders – may see things or hear things that aren’t there, and they don’t sense their bodies the same way that others do
  • Emotional disturbances – sometimes overly responsive and animated, sometimes very flat affect
  • Withdrawal – no real interest in communication with others – often talk “at” people
39
Q

2 courses of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Process Schizophrenia :symptoms develop gradually, early in life
  2. Reactive Schizophrenia: Sudden, obvious, onset of symptoms (better treatment outlook)
40
Q

2 types of Schizophrenia symptoms

A
  1. Positive symptoms: presence of disordered behavior (hallucinations, delusions, emotional extremes)
  2. Negative Symptoms: loss of functioning, social withdrawal, blunt emotions (flat affect)
41
Q

4 types of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Disorganized: inappropriate laughter and giggling, incoherent speech, infantile behavior, silliness (WORST PROGNOSIS )
  2. Paranoid: delusions of persecution; erratic and unpredictable behavior; auditory hallucinations
    - intelligence/affect intact
    - BEST PROGNOSIS
  3. Catatonic: Disturbances in movement ((freezing for hours of days; violent and wild movement))
  4. Undifferentiated: variable mixture of symptoms
42
Q

more likely to develop Schizophrenia

A

young

43
Q

Biological causes of Schizophrenia

A

-genetics (48% chance between identical twins)

  • brain abnormalities
  • too much dopamine
  • Structural abnormalities – they use the frontal lobes less (controls emotional regulation, insight, and the evaluation of sensory stimuli)
44
Q

Environmental causes of Schizophrenia

A

-over-attention to stimuli in the environment (they are excessively receptive to virtually everything – causes a sort of overload that causes information-processing to break down)

-Predisposition model: Inborn sensitive to environmental stressors
(inborn predisposition + some sort of environmental trigger = schizophrenia)

psych (12 decks)

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