psycholgical disorders (exam 4)

Question 1

what does “abnormal mean” 3 parts

Answer 1

1. statistical infrequency or normative deviation
   - rare or deviant
2. psychological dysfunction or maladaptive behavior
   - breakdown of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
3. personal distress
   - causes a problem for the client

Question 2

statistical infrequency or deviation from a norm

Answer 2

-Statistical infrequency: behavior is abnormal if it is rare
Paranoia, hallucinations, clinical depression. But so is High IQ (click to show distribution), or artistic prowess.

Deviation from a norm:
– Failing to achieve a personal/cultural ideal
– Vague: Whose ideal? Culturally relative
-A problem: homosexuality up until 1974, was included as a psychological disorder

Question 3

Psychological dysfunction or maladaptive behavior

Answer 3

Psychological Dysfunction:
– Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• Paranoia (cognitive)
• Can’t keep a job (behavioral/social).
• Unprompted mood swings (Emotional)
• Hard to define “dysfunction”

Maladaptive Behavior:
– Inability to reach personal goals
– Interfering with social functioning
– Alcoholic argues with family, loses job, doesn’t provide for family

Question 4

personal distress

Answer 4

– Suicidal thoughts
– Upset at own behavior (excessive elation, cleanliness)
– But: sometimes distress is expected and normal - loss of a loved one.
Religion might have the first two parts, but not the third.

Question 5

Diathesis-Stress model

Answer 5

-disposition to a disorder meets an environment that brings it out

Question 6

Mood disorders

Answer 6

• disturbance in emotional feelings strong enough to interfere with daily living
• categorized by “episodes” of intense moods
• Depressive, hypomanic, manic, mixed

Question 7

Major depressive disorder (severe)

Answer 7

-mood disorder

• interferes with concentration, decision-making, and sociability
• affects 1 in 5 people, women more than men

Question 8

Mania

Answer 8

• mood disorder episode
• reckless behavior (feeling invincible-clear out bank accounts, take huge risks)
• swings from mania to depression can last months or years

Question 9

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 9

• mood disorder
• alternating periods of mania and depression
• many diagnosed with depression may actually have bipolar disorder

Question 10

major depression

Answer 10

• mood disorder episode

- -sufferers often feel lonely, useless, and worthless for years at a time

Question 11

Evolutionary response

Answer 11

depression ends the pursuit of unrealistic goals so that the person can then pursue more realistic things

Question 12

females have a high probability of developing major depression for the first time at a high between ages 47-57

Answer 12

yuh

Question 13

mood disorders; genetics; chemicals

Answer 13

• brain features
• enlarged amygdala
• low activity in left frontal lobe
• associated w positive emotions; approach orientation

Question 14

mood disorders; faulty cognition

Answer 14

• learned helplessness, hopelessness

- external locus of control

Question 15

mood disorders; social component

Answer 15

• need to belong not being met

- depression as a social crutch

Question 16

american indians, asian/pacific islanders,

Answer 16

high rates of suicides in ethnic groups

Question 17

suicide and gender

Answer 17

• females are 3 times more likely to attempt

- BUT 3-4 times more men die from suicide

Question 18

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 18

• long term, persistent anxiety and worry
• sometimes causes are identifiable, sometimes not
• hard to concentrate, increased stress often results in physical problems (muscle tension, migraines, insomnia )

Question 19

Non-generaized anxiety disorders

Answer 19

• panic diorders
• phobia
• PTSD
• OCD

Question 20

Anxiety Disorders:

Panic Attacks

Answer 20

• that last from a few seconds to several hours

- feelings of impending doom, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness

Question 21

Anxiety Disorders:

Panic Disorder

Answer 21

• panic attacks
• onset of attacks often without cuing
• often develop AGORAPHOBIA because they’re afraid of getting into a situation in which they can’t escape and having a panic attack, so they avoid going into public (hermits)

Question 22

anxiety can be very adaptive (fight or flights)-it can warn us about a very real danger but»»

Answer 22

turns into a disorder when it’s irrational or doesn’t have an identifiable cause

Question 23

Anxiety Disorders: Phobias

Answer 23

• intense, irrational fears of specific objects of situations
• IRRATIONAL
• phobias differ from other disorders because there’s an actual, identifiable cause
• severity depends on the specific stimuli that triggers the anxiety
• extreme avoidance stimuli –>social phobias (social anxiety disorders)=avoid people
• specific phobia–>avoid particular stimulus (heights, cigars, spiders, fish)

Question 24

Anxiety Disorders:

PTSD

Answer 24

1. experience of traumatic events (war, sexual abuse, natural disaster)
2. experiences fear and helplessness in the situation
3. Re-expresses the experience over time
   - persistent re-experience (thoughts, dreams, hallucinations)
   - avoidance of stimuli associated w trauma
   - heightened arousal (on edge) ((hyper vigilance))

Question 25

Anxiety Disorders: | OCD

Answer 25

-Obsessions (thoughts): persistent, unwanted thoughts or ideas like a thought you can't get out of your head, doubts, impulses, need for orderliness -Compulsions (actions): irresistible ugers to repeatedly carry out some actions that seem strange and unreasonable -checking if the door locks 50 times or checking to taster over and over -thought of stopping causes extreme anxiety, therefore you are rewarded for repeating the behavior

Question 26

Dissociative Disorders -

Answer 26

- seperation of critical parts of the personality that normally work together - keeps traumatic events unconscious - involves "blank" periods in memory

Question 27

Dissociative Disorders: | dissociative identity disorder

Answer 27

-multiple personalities- two or more distinct personalities with different likes, dislikes, abilities

Question 28

Dissociative Disorders | Dissociate fugue

Answer 28

- sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity - can last for months or years - often wake up and have no idea what happened

Question 29

Dissociative Disorders | Dissociate Amnesia

Answer 29

- just like regular amnesia, only with a psychological cause (info is still there, just repressed)

Question 30

Dissociative disorders

Answer 30

in general are very rare, and they have the common theme of allowing people to escape from some anxiety-provoking situation

Question 31

Underlying theme of dissociative disorder

Answer 31

escape

Question 32

Personality disorders

Answer 32

- a set of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that keep a person from functioning properly of society - People with personality disorders often live very normal lives; it’s often difficult to tell there’s a problem until you get to know them well

Question 33

Personality disorder: | antisocial

Answer 33

- individuals show no regard for the moral ad ethical rules of society - often appear intelligent and likable - manipulative, deceptive, and lack remorse - sociopathic - most psychopaths are antisocial, but not all antisocial are psychopaths

Question 34

antisocial possible causes

Answer 34

- Family problems (often come from 1-parent families or homes with a lack of attention) - Typically come from lower economic groups

Question 35

Avoidant personality / asocial personality

Answer 35

-high social discomfort, feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to negative evaluation

Question 36

Personality disorder: | Borderline

Answer 36

- individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of self - often look to others to define relationships - lack of trust, emotionally volatile (love people 1 min, hate them the next) - tend to be sexually promiscuous - suicidal/self-mutiliation tendencies

Question 37

Personality disorder: | Narcissistic

Answer 37

- exaggerated sense of self-importance - expects special treatment from others - grandiose and/or entitled

Question 38

Schizophrenia and hallmarks

Answer 38

-a class of disorders that are characterized by a severe distortion of reality Hallmarks -Decline from a previous level of functioning - Disturbances of thought and language – thinking patterns don’t make sense – often ramble, no clear train of thought, mumbling - Delusions – firmly held, ushakable beliefs with no basis in reality (beliefs that people are listening to their thoughts, paranoia, etc.) - Hallucinations and perceptual disorders – may see things or hear things that aren’t there, and they don’t sense their bodies the same way that others do - Emotional disturbances – sometimes overly responsive and animated, sometimes very flat affect - Withdrawal – no real interest in communication with others – often talk “at” people

Question 39

2 courses of Schizophrenia

Answer 39

1. Process Schizophrenia :symptoms develop gradually, early in life 2. Reactive Schizophrenia: Sudden, obvious, onset of symptoms (better treatment outlook)

Question 40

2 types of Schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 40

1. Positive symptoms: presence of disordered behavior (hallucinations, delusions, emotional extremes) 2. Negative Symptoms: loss of functioning, social withdrawal, blunt emotions (flat affect)

Question 41

4 types of Schizophrenia

Answer 41

1. Disorganized: inappropriate laughter and giggling, incoherent speech, infantile behavior, silliness (WORST PROGNOSIS ) 2. Paranoid: delusions of persecution; erratic and unpredictable behavior; auditory hallucinations - intelligence/affect intact - BEST PROGNOSIS 3. Catatonic: Disturbances in movement ((freezing for hours of days; violent and wild movement)) 4. Undifferentiated: variable mixture of symptoms

Question 42

more likely to develop Schizophrenia

Answer 42

young

Question 43

Biological causes of Schizophrenia

Answer 43

-genetics (48% chance between identical twins) - brain abnormalities - too much dopamine - Structural abnormalities – they use the frontal lobes less (controls emotional regulation, insight, and the evaluation of sensory stimuli)

Question 44

Environmental causes of Schizophrenia

Answer 44

-over-attention to stimuli in the environment (they are excessively receptive to virtually everything – causes a sort of overload that causes information-processing to break down) -Predisposition model: Inborn sensitive to environmental stressors (inborn predisposition + some sort of environmental trigger = schizophrenia)