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ch 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

communicate, send messages

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2
Q

motor neurons

A

allows feeling and us to react to our feelings

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3
Q

interneurons

A

allow all the neurons to communicate

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4
Q

support cells

A

glial cells: connect and clean up neurons

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5
Q

Over ____ billion
neurons in the body,
connected into circuits

A

100

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages (input) from other neurons, tissue

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7
Q

Soma/cell body

A

houses the nucleus

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8
Q

Axon

A

Carries the message

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9
Q

Terminal buttons

A

-sends and releases the message

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10
Q

Dendrites and Soma

A

Integration & Summation

Take all of the inputs and combines them, deciding whether or not to continue “spreading the word”

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11
Q

Axon and Myelin Sheath

A

Transmits the message created in the soma to the terminal buttons;
Myelin Sheath: speeds transmission, insulates
Axon: electrical message (action potential)

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12
Q

Action potential

A
  • negatively charged neuron, gets excited signals, changes from negatively charged to positively charged
  • an electrical change that goes from negative to positive, resting to action potential
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13
Q

All or nothing Principle

A

-Either it fires, or it doesn’t fire
-Dependent On the activation level achieved by summing the impulses
-Intensity Differences?
Frequency of impulses

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14
Q

what does myelin do?

A
  • Saltatory Conduction
  • Allows the A.P to jump from node to node
  • (graphic in PP)
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15
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Release neurotransmitters to receiving neurons (dendrites)`

  • sender neurons
  • no physical touch tho
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16
Q

Synapse

A

space between neurons allowing for transmission bc they don’t physically touch, lock and key system

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17
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

neurons don’t send messages indiscriminately- they send specific signals to their neighbors

  • due to genes and plasticity
  • neighbors, then, are suppose to be adept at receiving these signals for further transmission
  • hence, neurons tend to “buddy up” into circuits
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18
Q

Once released into synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters…

A

Bind to receptor sites

Excitatory or Inhibitory response

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19
Q

OR

A

remain in the cleft
Wherein they are (1) picked back up by the sender (reuptake), (2) remain in the cleft & available to the neighbor neuron, (3) are cleaned up by glial cells or lost, or (4) an enzyme changes the neurotransmitter so that it is no longer recognized by the receptor

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20
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Muscle Movement, Memory, Arousal
Too much: convulsions, spasms, tremors
Too little: delusions, Alzheimer’s Disease

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21
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain, Mood

“Runner’s High”

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22
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, Attention, Learning, Motivation
Too little: depression, ADHD, Parkinson’s disease
Too much: aggression, schizophrenia

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23
Q

Serotonin

A

Sleep, Eating,

Mood, Pain

24
Q

sensory somatic nervous system

A

going to communicate things

25
Q

automatic nervous system

A

only going to send out informations

26
Q

Stress Response

A
  • Brain Processes “Bear” (CNS) to which it metaphorically responds “Oh S*#$” – time for “flight”
  • -Emotional responses process in the limbic-system of the brain (esp. the amygdala)
  • -Note, signals originate from the eyes, which are in the PNS (sensory NS)
  • Sends signals down the spine (CNS) so the body can respond (PNS)
27
Q

Stress response cont.

A

-Sensory-Somatic NS
CNS says “run,” so we run
-Autonomic NS (Sympathetic)
–Adrenal gland atop the kidney releases adrenaline (epinephrine) & cortisol (a hormone)
–Increases breathing, heart rate, puts more O2 in the blood, & sharpens the senses
–Decreases the functioning of currently less important organs; e.g., bladder, digestive system, & sex organs
Immune-system?

28
Q

Recovery

A
  • Once all’s clear
  • Brain tells the Sensory-Somatic NS that it can stop running (physically) & that the Autonomic NS can cool down
  • –The Parasympathetic NS begins to counteract the recent turmoil, getting organs back to normal functioning (homeostasis)
29
Q

-primates, particularly humans, are capable of creating stress outside of times on danger

A

-the baboon video-low ranking baboons had higher stress levels, then all the aggressive alpha males died off, but then the aggression kind of disappeared from the group. even when new baboons entered the group, they assimilated after about 6 months.

30
Q

occipital Lobes

A

Visual Processing

Shape, color, motion

31
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Functions:

  • Language comprehension
  • Sound processing
  • Memory Encoding
  • –Enters new info into memory
  • Visual Memories
32
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Functions:

  • Spatial location
  • Somatosensory processing (touch)
  • -Registers sensations (scrapes, tickles, etc.)
  • -More sensitive the body part = the larger area in brain
33
Q

Frontal Lobes

A 
-Separates humans from lower-order creatures
Functions:
-Planning
-Memory search
-Motor processing
---Precise movements
-Reasoning
-Emotion Regulation
34
Q

Phineas Gage

A

-damage to the cerebral cortex
-Frontal Lobe Damage
-Rod through the head
-Changes in personality
Poor reasoning, self-control, social functioning

35
Q

hemispheres

A

The Two Sides
Operates Contralaterally
Lateralization

36
Q

hemispheres

A 
The Two Sides
Operates Contralaterally
Lateralization
-left brain "male"
-right brain "female"
37
Q

Lateralization: approach/ withdrawal

A

Left Side: Approach
Positive feelings
Pleasure/happiness
Anger

Right side: Withdrawal (Avoidance)
Negative feelings
Fear/Disgust

38
Q

Central Core

A

Cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem

39
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Motor control (Punch Drunk” / “Real” Drunk)

- Temporal orientation & attention

40
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station, encodes sensory information and sends responses, attention and sleep

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

he Four F’s (Fight, flight, feeding, and fucking), homeostasis

42
Q

Brain Stem

A

Pons, Reticular Formation, Medulla

43
Q

Pons

A

“Bridges” stem with upper brain

Sleep & facial muscles

44
Q

Reticular Formation

A 
Bodily arousal (activation),
Alertness
45
Q

Medulla

A

Breathing, swallowing, blood circulation

46
Q

The Limbic System

A
  • motivation and emotion

- connect PNS with CNS

47
Q

3 parts of the limbic system -

A

hypothalamus

  • amygdala (emotional arousal, fear, anger)
  • Hippocampus (memory storage)
48
Q

Patient HM

A

-At age 27 (1953), had surgery to correct for severe epileptic seizures
Removed much of the hippocampus
-H.M. could not store any new information
–Short-term to Long-term

49
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Important for “habit” formation

  • Automatic behaviors
  • -Example:Talking on the phone & driving
  • Influences nucleus accumbens
  • —Pleasure
  • —-High dopamine concentration
50
Q

How do we know this stuff

A

Brain Damage Studies:Dissection following death

Animal Research:E.g., rats

Brain Activity Measurements:
Relatively new

51
Q

Einsteins Brain

A

didn’t want people to have it; wanted it to be destroyed bc eugenics was popular at that time

52
Q

Reading the brain
Electroencephalogram
(EEG)

A

Electrical (brain) wave
data from firing neurons
Event-related potentials (ERP)

53
Q

Magnetoenchephalogram (MEG)

A

Magnetic wave data

54
Q

Computer-assisted Tomography (CT scan) [oldest]

A

X-ray images for structural information

55
Q

Scanning the brain

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Radioactive substance to outline activity

56
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Magnetic field shows spatial resolution and function

57
Q

Microstimulation

A

Experimental Technique
Note, previous were correlational
Electric Currents
Magnetic Pulses

psych (12 decks)

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