motivation (test 3)

Question 1

Approach

Answer 1

• appetitive drive to SEEk and procure positive outcomes
• non-negative feelings that drive behavior
• “i am going to do well in this course because an A would feel awesome”

Question 2

Avoidance

Answer 2

• drive to avoid negative outcomes (LOSS)
• negative feelings that drive behavior
• “I am going to do well in this course because I would be pissed with anything less than an A”

Question 3

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 3

-doing something for your own enjoyment: how “good” it makes you feel inside

Question 4

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 4

-doing something for a seconadary reward: because of what you get in return (money, grades)

Question 5

People strive for intrinsic tasks, but those tasks can become less desirable when external reward are added

Answer 5

Crayon study

Question 6

Humanists

Answer 6

people are ultimately good–> just need to get the good out of them

Question 7

Strive for self actualization

Answer 7

the challenge toward actualization is often due to social issues
ex: others can bring out the worst in us

Question 8

carl rogers

Answer 8

• client-centered therapy

- focus on unconditional positive regard

Question 9

Abraham Maslow

Answer 9

• model of personal fulfillment

- ((hierarchy of NEEDS))

Question 10

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (list them)

Answer 10

• self-actualisation (top)
• esteem
• belonging
• safety
• physiological (bottoM)

Question 11

the hierarchy of needs

Answer 11

• 5 needs
• described an instinctoid (inmate need that is easily changes by environmental conditions)
• inborn needs, but learn through experiences how to satisfy them

-lower needs must at least be partially met before higher needs become important
((hunger>self-esteem))

-only one need tends to dominate at a time, determined by the needs that have already been satisfied
((one can move up AND down the pyramid, depending on circumstances))

Question 12

Characteristics of Needs

Answer 12

• lower needs are more powerful and necessary than higher needs
• physiological and safety needs: infancy
• belonging and esteem: adolescence
• self -actualization: midlife

Question 13

-when lower needs are not met–>

Answer 13

crisis (deficit)

Question 14

-not meeting higher needs does not cause crisis–>

Answer 14

they lead to growth and longevity–>called growth (or being) needs

Question 15

growth needs

Answer 15

lead to happiness and personal fulfillment

Question 16

physiological needs

Answer 16

-food, water, sleep, and sex

• usually only recognized when they are not being met
• a person who is starving desires food

-plays a minimal role in western culture

Question 17

Safety Needs

Answer 17

• especially important for infants and neurotic adults
• associated with stability, security, fear/anxiety
• people (especially children) prefer structure and routine over chaos (healthy adults are not overwhelmed by safety needs)
• neurotics have difficulty approaching new experiences and instead desire predictability
• high NEED FOR STRUCTURE

Question 18

Belongingness and Love Needs

Answer 18

• found in close relationship with a friends, lovers, family, and groups
• includes the need to give love as well as be loved
• if this need is not met->emotional maladjustment
• consistent with sociometer theory

Question 19

Esteem Needs

Answer 19

ONCE satisfying the need to belong, we would want to…

• feel good about and respect ourselves (high self worth)
• gain status, success, respect

-self-esteem leads to confidence and personal strength (competence and productivity)

Question 20

-lacking self-esteem leads to

Answer 20

discouragment and feeling inferior

Question 21

Self -Actualization Needs

Answer 21

• the fullest development of the self (maximum realization of potential, talent, and abilities)
• actualization can take many forms, but anyone is capable of meeting their fullest personality potential

Question 22

if not actualized….

Answer 22

a person may become restless, frustrated, discontent

Question 23

Conditions necessary to satisfy self-actaulization

Answer 23

1. be free of constraints imposed by society and oneself
2. not to be distracted by lower-level needs
3. be secure with self-image and relationships with others–love and be loved
4. have realistic knowledge of strength AND weakness

Question 24

Seeking Actualization

Answer 24

• unhappiness association with high SELF- DISCREPANCIES
• -self guides direct the real self toward ideal and ought selves ((dissatisfaction comes from perceived inability to live up to personal standards))

Question 25

differential importance

Answer 25

happy people tend to see positive characterisitics as more important

-most people have “good me” and “bad me” categories

Question 26

EVALUATED HAPPINESS: EXPERIENCED HAPPINESS

Answer 26

people tend to evaluate their lives more positively (EVALUATED HAPPINESS) than to report feeling especially positive at any given moment (EXPERIENCED HAPPINESS))