motivation (test 3) Flashcards
Approach
- appetitive drive to SEEk and procure positive outcomes
- non-negative feelings that drive behavior
- “i am going to do well in this course because an A would feel awesome”
Avoidance
- drive to avoid negative outcomes (LOSS)
- negative feelings that drive behavior
- “I am going to do well in this course because I would be pissed with anything less than an A”
Intrinsic Motivation
-doing something for your own enjoyment: how “good” it makes you feel inside
Extrinsic Motivation
-doing something for a seconadary reward: because of what you get in return (money, grades)
People strive for intrinsic tasks, but those tasks can become less desirable when external reward are added
Crayon study
Humanists
people are ultimately good–> just need to get the good out of them
Strive for self actualization
the challenge toward actualization is often due to social issues
ex: others can bring out the worst in us
carl rogers
- client-centered therapy
- focus on unconditional positive regard
Abraham Maslow
- model of personal fulfillment
- ((hierarchy of NEEDS))
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (list them)
- self-actualisation (top)
- esteem
- belonging
- safety
- physiological (bottoM)
the hierarchy of needs
- 5 needs
- described an instinctoid (inmate need that is easily changes by environmental conditions)
- inborn needs, but learn through experiences how to satisfy them
-lower needs must at least be partially met before higher needs become important
((hunger>self-esteem))
-only one need tends to dominate at a time, determined by the needs that have already been satisfied
((one can move up AND down the pyramid, depending on circumstances))
Characteristics of Needs
- lower needs are more powerful and necessary than higher needs
- physiological and safety needs: infancy
- belonging and esteem: adolescence
- self -actualization: midlife
-when lower needs are not met–>
crisis (deficit)
-not meeting higher needs does not cause crisis–>
they lead to growth and longevity–>called growth (or being) needs
growth needs
lead to happiness and personal fulfillment
physiological needs
-food, water, sleep, and sex
- usually only recognized when they are not being met
- a person who is starving desires food
-plays a minimal role in western culture
Safety Needs
- especially important for infants and neurotic adults
- associated with stability, security, fear/anxiety
- people (especially children) prefer structure and routine over chaos (healthy adults are not overwhelmed by safety needs)
- neurotics have difficulty approaching new experiences and instead desire predictability
- high NEED FOR STRUCTURE
Belongingness and Love Needs
- found in close relationship with a friends, lovers, family, and groups
- includes the need to give love as well as be loved
- if this need is not met->emotional maladjustment
- consistent with sociometer theory
Esteem Needs
ONCE satisfying the need to belong, we would want to…
- feel good about and respect ourselves (high self worth)
- gain status, success, respect
-self-esteem leads to confidence and personal strength (competence and productivity)
-lacking self-esteem leads to
discouragment and feeling inferior
Self -Actualization Needs
- the fullest development of the self (maximum realization of potential, talent, and abilities)
- actualization can take many forms, but anyone is capable of meeting their fullest personality potential
if not actualized….
a person may become restless, frustrated, discontent
Conditions necessary to satisfy self-actaulization
- be free of constraints imposed by society and oneself
- not to be distracted by lower-level needs
- be secure with self-image and relationships with others–love and be loved
- have realistic knowledge of strength AND weakness
Seeking Actualization
- unhappiness association with high SELF- DISCREPANCIES
- -self guides direct the real self toward ideal and ought selves ((dissatisfaction comes from perceived inability to live up to personal standards))
differential importance
happy people tend to see positive characterisitics as more important
-most people have “good me” and “bad me” categories
EVALUATED HAPPINESS: EXPERIENCED HAPPINESS
people tend to evaluate their lives more positively (EVALUATED HAPPINESS) than to report feeling especially positive at any given moment (EXPERIENCED HAPPINESS))
