ch 2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

“i knew it all along”

-romantic attraction/love at first sight

Question 2

overconfidence bias

Answer 2

we tend to think we know more than we do

Question 3

conformation bias

Answer 3

Focusing on information that confirm, rather than disconfirm one’s hypothesis (i.e., beliefs)

Question 4

scientific methods

Answer 4

(1) Identify questions of interest
Typically derived from observation (i.e., experience)
(2) Formulating an explanation (theory)
(3) Carry out research designed to lend support for, or refute, an explanation

Question 5

theories

Answer 5

Descriptions and explanations of phenomena
What is the effect or relationship & why might it occur?
E.g., Men are innately more aggression than are females

Question 6

hypotheses

Answer 6

Prediction that allows one to test observations/theory
By adding stimulus A, you will get behavior B
E.g., A provoked male will be more aggressive than a provoked female

Question 7

operationalization

Answer 7

Process of defining a concept by how it is measured.
E.g., Aggression = the force used to punch a punching bag
E.g., What is love?`

Question 8

descriptive research

Answer 8

Describes the state of the world without manipulating it

Question 9

correlational research

Answer 9

Make predictions by examining variables that seem to go together (i.e., co-vary)

Question 10

experimental research

Answer 10

To find cause-and-effect-type findings through stringent scientific control

Question 11

archival research

Answer 11

Existing data are used to test

a hypothesis

Question 12

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 12

Behavior is observed without

interference

Question 13

survey research

Answer 13

Self-report of person’s thoughts, attitudes, behaviors

Question 14

case studies

Answer 14

Behavior of one person is studied in-depth (when no treatment is administered)

Question 15

variable

Answer 15

Any factor that is characteristic of a measurable substance, quantity, or entity

Question 16

correction coefficient

Answer 16

(+1 to +1)

Question 17

positive

Answer 17

Varies together (toward  r = 1.0)
As the value of variable A goes up, the value of variable B goes up

Question 18

Negative

Answer 18

Varies oppositely (toward r = -1.0)
As the value of variable A goes up, the value of variable B goes down
E.g., anxiety & test scores

Question 19

no relationship

Answer 19

r = 0

E.g., hair length & test scores

Question 20

narcissism

Answer 20

• High Entitlement
• High Grandiosity
• Low Conscientiousness

Question 21

experimental group

Answer 21

Manipulated (gets “treatment”)

E.g., “You are great the way you are”

Question 22

control group

Answer 22

No treatment (e.g., nothing, placebo, lesser manipulation)
E.g., “You are completely average”

Question 23

variables

Answer 23

Independent Variable (IV): What is manipulated
E.g, state self-esteem (Praise vs. No praise)
Dependent Variable (DV): Outcome measure
E.g., # of ropes jumped

Question 24

APA guidelines

Answer 24

Protect participants from physical and mental harm
Right to privacy (i.e., confidentiality)
Participation must be voluntary
Right to withdraw
Informed consent/debriefing

Question 25

Checks and balances

Answer 25

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) oversee the nature of research
Must approve a study before implementation
Protects participants and researchers/institutions

Question 26

deception

Answer 26

Sometimes trickery must be used

Question 27

benefits must outweigh the _____

Answer 27

RISKs