development (test 3) Flashcards
monkey video
attachment: the positive emotional bond develops between a child and a caregiver
imprinting: jonrad Lorenz
Infant monkey experience
- harry Harlow
- monkey only went to wire monkey who had food to eat; stayed w cloth monkey who was more comforting
-we know that attachment is built from cycles of responsiveness between the infant and the caregiver (caregiver hast to respond to infants signals; but the infants has to respond posively toward the caregiver as well))
Ainsworth Strange Situation
- sequence of events to test infant and primary caregiver
- several comings and goings of mom in and out of the room (baby left with a stranger)
- watches baby’s reaction to mom and to the unfamiliar enviornment
Ainsworth Strange: secure attachment
(60-70%)
-infants use their moms as “home base”-but aren’t scared to explore their environemnt
Ainsworth Strange: Avoidant Attachment
(15-20%)
-no observable reaction to mom
-don’t pay attention to her when she’s there and don’t care when she gets back
BUT changes show in physiological measures (heart rate increases when mom leaves—>they are anxious)
Ainsworth Strange: Resistant Attachment
(10-15%)
-anxiety before separation, ambivalent (or angry) when mom returns
(non relieved when mom returns, may want physical closeness, but maybe also shows aggression (hitting, kicking)
Ainsworth Strange: Disorganized/ Disoriented attachment
(5-10%)
-inconsistent, contradictory
Attachment: important for later development
- social and emotional competence
- self-concept
- gender-roles
- better adult relationships (not afraid of commitment or overly possessive, etc.)
Temperament
basic, innate disposition
- is it an easy baby or a demon baby??
- influences parenting style
- influences attachment
- depends on cultural norms (differences in parenting values, differences in “good” child behaviors)
- resilience (good-enough parenting)
the disposition you are born with will influence your parenting style as well as attachment style
ex: think about very rebellious, headstrong kids vs. v passive kids
- fussy baby vs. a v happy baby
Authoritarian parents
- demand unquestioning obedience (do what i say right now bc i said so)
- children are usually unsocociablle, unfriendly (don’t really know what to do without getting in trouble)
Permissive Parents
-give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction
0they are warm and caring, but they don’t ask too much of their kids
-have kids who are immature, moody, and dependent (never had to learn how to grow up)
Authoritative Parents
- firm, but fair –>uses reasoning and independence
- offers choices-you can choose to misbehave, but you also choose to accept the consequences
- offers explanations so that kids can make better choices
Uninvolved Parents
- provides the basics to keep child alive, but doesn’t provide love or interest in their lives
- kids turn out to be indifferent and have a hard tie showing love to others
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development
Understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experiences
- four stages, fixed order
- quantity (how much you learn) and quality (what kinds of things you’ve been exposed to) are important
Schemas: connected mental structure that organize sensory and perceptual information
-assimilation, accommodation
Piaget’s theory 1 step
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
- birth- 2 years
- development of object permanence (9 months )
-object Permanence: awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight (peek a boo)
Piaget’s theory 2nd step
PRE OPERATIONAL STAGE
- 2-6 yrs old
- development of language
- more imaginative
- EGOCENTRIC THOUGHT: the child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective (sees person talking on the phone, believe that they re talking about toys etc)
- lacking principe of conservation
2nd step piaget; Principle of Conservation
- knowledge that amount/mass is unrelated tot he arrangements and physical appearance of objects
ex: cups of different sized being poured into each other–>you know
Piaget Theory 3rd step
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
- 6-12 years
- more logical thinking
- overcome egocentric thought
- REVERSIBILILITY: the idea that some changes can be undone by reversing an earlier action (when you put that starfish by in water and thot it would come back to life u dummy)
- concrete thoughts–>no theoretical or hypothetically
Piaget 4th step
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
- 12 years to adulthood
- abstract thought, formal logic
- Paget’s Pendulum Problem -people in the formal operation will vary one thing at a time to test it–>younger kids will vary more than one thing at a time
-not everyone reaches the formal operation stage (40-60% of college students, 25% of the general population)!!!!!
Psychosocial Development
- ERik Erikson
- understanding of each other
- understanding of the self as a member of society
-each stage involves a crisis or conflict (resolution moves could to the next stage)
ERIKSON psychosocial development: identity versus role confusion
- adolescence
- search for the self- you try on different roles and see which one fits
Role Confusion: lack of an identity–>may adopt a socially unacceptable identity (criminal) or have a hard time w social relationships
-reliance on peers for information rather than parents
-imaginary audience
ERIKSON psychosocial development: Intimacy vs isolation
- post adolescence to early 30s
- fear of closeness and commitment–the ability to build successful relatioship
ERIKSON psychosocial development: Generatively vs Stagnation
-middle adulthood (30s to 60s)
GENERATIVELY:: ability to contribute and assist future generations (work, family, society, etc.)
STAGNATION: life’s work is meaningless, life is wasted
ERIKSON psychosocial development: Ego integrity vs despair
- late adulthood to death
- sense of accomplishment with achievements v regret for what wasn’t accomplished
