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learning (test 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

behaviorism

A

-deals w fundamental responses that increase or decrease particular behaviors (associative learning)

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2
Q

Human responding

A
  1. evaluation–>good or bad?
  2. potency–>how good or how bad?
    (bad are more powerful than goods)
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3
Q

Classical Conditioning and what scientist

A

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired w a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
-ivan pavlov (scientist that studied digestion; discovered that dogs “predicted” the arrival of food, led to salivation

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4
Q

Pavlov’s experiment

A
  • attached a tube to dog’s salivary gland, tone (bell) sounded, then presented food (repeated pairings)
  • dogs soon begins to salivate when bell rang-even when food wasn’t presented
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5
Q

Neutral Stimulus and ex

A

a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest BEFORE conditioning
(sound of bell)

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) and example

A

a stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned
(Meat bc dogs like meat)

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7
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR) and ex

A

a natural response not associated w previous learning

salivation

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus and ex

A

a neutral stimulus (NS) that has been paired w a UCS (meat) to bring about a response formerly caused only by the USC
(sound of bell)

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9
Q

Conditioned Response and ex

A

a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
(Salivation when bell sounds)

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10
Q

Little Albert (WATCH VIDEO)

A

-unconditioned stimulus (UCS)=loud noise
-unconditioned response (UCR)=fear and tears
-Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)= rat
-Conditioned Response
(CR)= fear and tears

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11
Q

story of little Albert and what scientist

A
  • John B. Watson conditioned a small boy to be scared of rats
  • fear was generalized to other white, furry objects
  • albert was never “fixed”/ went back to normal
  • experiment criticized for being unethical
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12
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus
-more similarity=increased response

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13
Q

biological Preparedness

A

some stimuli are naturally more likely to become prepared w a response than others (snakes and spiders duh)

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14
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The ability to defferentiate between/among stimuli

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15
Q

Extinction

A

When a previously conditioned response decreased in frequency and eventually disappears
-typically when a CS has has been experiences subsequent times without UCS
-

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16
Q

ex of Desensitized

A

fear of death

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17
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
and with no further conditioning

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18
Q

Response Tendencies

A

-Basic reactions can turn into full blown emotional experiences (fear and anxiety)—> Conditioned emotional response (CER)

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19
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

A
  • these responses can correspond with reasonable (snakes) but also curious (goldfish) ((phobias))
  • One part extinction, one part emotional regulation (cognitively controlling one’s feelings)
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20
Q

Classical conditioning and drug overdose

A
  • body has a conditioned response to cues, preparing it for intake.
  • when cues are absent, the body has not prepared for strong intake
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21
Q

Classical Conditioning and Therapy

A

-systematic Desensitization=gradually exposing scared person to the CS to decrease CR (habituation)

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22
Q

Sexual Preferences and exs

A

-can we change a “positive” response to stimuli into a “negative”?
-sexual preferences as positie CR or UCR to CS
-simply pair new negative CR to CS
pedophilia: shock the scrotum when viewing pictures of children
drug addiction: take substance that either removes of makes negative the effects of drugs (alcohol)

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23
Q

Classical conditioning and taste aversion

A

-one a food has been paired w nausea, we are quick to have a negative CR with that food
(when you smell alcohol after a night out??)

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24
Q

Classical conditioning and Stress response and immunity

A
  • stimuli become associated with stress (CR) and safety.

- the body responds accordingly even after the events have passed

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25
Q

classical conditioning and advertising

A
  • pair products w good things (happy times, sex) and people will have a positive response to those items when they see them in store (evaluative conditioning)
  • budweiser
  • doritos
  • geicko insurance
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26
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

-learning in which a response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

27
Q

LAaw of Effect

A

-responses that lead to more satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
-ex: annoying checkout line kid
(kid cries at checkout, gets candy to shut him up)
-Thorndike’s puzzle box (idk what this is)

28
Q

The Skinner Box

A

animals learn to obtain food by manipulating their environment within the box
-all behavior is a consequence of rewards and punishments

29
Q

Skinner: from pigeons to utopia (don’t think you need to know this)

A
  • to what extent are we guided by free will?
  • consciousness, beliefs, and emotions=noise that obscures what is actually going on
  • tried to train pigeons to guide missiles in the war
30
Q

Reinforcer

A

-increases the probability of a behavior occurring again

31
Q

Primary Reinforcer and ex

A

-biological needs –belongingness, eating food , drink , pleasure

32
Q

Secondary Reinforcer and ex

A
  • stimulus that is reinforcing because of its association w a primary reinforcer
  • money, grades, and praise
33
Q

Punishment

A

Decrease in the probability of a behavior occurring again

34
Q

Positive

A

stimulus that is added to environment

-given

35
Q

Negative

A
  • stimulus that is removed

- taken away

36
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A
  • stimulus added that increases the likelihood of a behavior
  • getting praise for getting good grades
37
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A
  • stimulus removed that increases the likelihood of a behavior
  • “you don’t have to get a summer job if you get good grades during the school year”
38
Q

Positive punishment

A
  • stimulus added that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
  • spanking
39
Q

Negative punishment

A
  • stimulus removed that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
  • taking your kids phone away when they’re bad
40
Q

Achievement motivations (cf. Andrew Elliot)

A
  • Approach Temperament: effort motivated by enjoyment and positive outcomes (study to succeed)
  • Avoidance Temperament: effort motivated by avoidance of negative outcomes (study to not fail)
41
Q

Immediate reinforcement

A

hit bar–>pellet

42
Q

Delayed Reinforcement

A

hit bar—>wait for it…..—>pellet

43
Q

delayed gratification

A

marshmellow test we wathced; some kids could wait for 2 mellows but some ate the 1

44
Q

generalization

A

lever–>food

button–>food?

45
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcement in steps; one behavior builds on another

-successive approximation: dogs rolling over, pigeon’s twirling superstition

46
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

different patterns of timing/frequency of reinforcement following desired behavior

47
Q

continous reinforcement

A

reinforcing a behavior every time!!

48
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a behavior sometimes, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

49
Q

Fixed ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses

-free sandwiches after 10 purchases

50
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

  • reward after 10, 7, 15, 3 responses
  • slot machines
51
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule

A

reinforcement is given after a certain period of time

-paycheck, weekly quiz

52
Q

Variable Interval Schedule

A

reinforcement is given after an uncertain period of time

-pop-quiz

53
Q

bosses us ___ productivity and ___extinction rates

A

high; low

54
Q

Learned helplessness (seligman)

A

dog a: no shock
dog b: shock that could be eliminated by lever
dog c: same shock as Bs, but lever did not stop shock
part 2: shuttle box

55
Q

Cognitive-Social Learning Theory

A

an approach that focuses on the though processes that underlie leaning
-much of what we learn is not acted on immediately-prepare for the right moment

56
Q

Latent Learning

A

Leaning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided in displaying (learn self defense; don’t use it until you need it )

57
Q

Rat experiment (latent learning)

A

group 1: wandered the maze for 17 days w no reward
group 2: given food for running the maze correctly
group 3: allowed to wanted the maze for 10 days w no reward, then given food for running the maze correctly

58
Q

social learning theory

A

learning through observing the behavior of another person called a model

  • Albert Bandura, bobo doll study
  • kids who saw a model beating the doll aggressively did the same thing
59
Q

Four stages

A
  • paying attention
  • remembering the behavior
  • reproducing the action
  • being motivated to learn and carry out the behavior
60
Q

token economy

A

tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

61
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

62
Q

mirror neuron

A

cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated when an animal performs an action or observes it being performed

63
Q

latent inhibition

A

difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus

psych (12 decks)

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