learning (test 2) Flashcards
behaviorism
-deals w fundamental responses that increase or decrease particular behaviors (associative learning)
Human responding
- evaluation–>good or bad?
- potency–>how good or how bad?
(bad are more powerful than goods)
Classical Conditioning and what scientist
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired w a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
-ivan pavlov (scientist that studied digestion; discovered that dogs “predicted” the arrival of food, led to salivation
Pavlov’s experiment
- attached a tube to dog’s salivary gland, tone (bell) sounded, then presented food (repeated pairings)
- dogs soon begins to salivate when bell rang-even when food wasn’t presented
Neutral Stimulus and ex
a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest BEFORE conditioning
(sound of bell)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) and example
a stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned
(Meat bc dogs like meat)
Unconditioned response (UCR) and ex
a natural response not associated w previous learning
salivation
Conditioned Stimulus and ex
a neutral stimulus (NS) that has been paired w a UCS (meat) to bring about a response formerly caused only by the USC
(sound of bell)
Conditioned Response and ex
a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
(Salivation when bell sounds)
Little Albert (WATCH VIDEO)
-unconditioned stimulus (UCS)=loud noise
-unconditioned response (UCR)=fear and tears
-Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)= rat
-Conditioned Response
(CR)= fear and tears
story of little Albert and what scientist
- John B. Watson conditioned a small boy to be scared of rats
- fear was generalized to other white, furry objects
- albert was never “fixed”/ went back to normal
- experiment criticized for being unethical
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus
-more similarity=increased response
biological Preparedness
some stimuli are naturally more likely to become prepared w a response than others (snakes and spiders duh)
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to defferentiate between/among stimuli
Extinction
When a previously conditioned response decreased in frequency and eventually disappears
-typically when a CS has has been experiences subsequent times without UCS
-
ex of Desensitized
fear of death
Spontaneous Recovery
the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
and with no further conditioning
Response Tendencies
-Basic reactions can turn into full blown emotional experiences (fear and anxiety)—> Conditioned emotional response (CER)
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
- these responses can correspond with reasonable (snakes) but also curious (goldfish) ((phobias))
- One part extinction, one part emotional regulation (cognitively controlling one’s feelings)
Classical conditioning and drug overdose
- body has a conditioned response to cues, preparing it for intake.
- when cues are absent, the body has not prepared for strong intake
Classical Conditioning and Therapy
-systematic Desensitization=gradually exposing scared person to the CS to decrease CR (habituation)
Sexual Preferences and exs
-can we change a “positive” response to stimuli into a “negative”?
-sexual preferences as positie CR or UCR to CS
-simply pair new negative CR to CS
pedophilia: shock the scrotum when viewing pictures of children
drug addiction: take substance that either removes of makes negative the effects of drugs (alcohol)
Classical conditioning and taste aversion
-one a food has been paired w nausea, we are quick to have a negative CR with that food
(when you smell alcohol after a night out??)
Classical conditioning and Stress response and immunity
- stimuli become associated with stress (CR) and safety.
- the body responds accordingly even after the events have passed
classical conditioning and advertising
- pair products w good things (happy times, sex) and people will have a positive response to those items when they see them in store (evaluative conditioning)
- budweiser
- doritos
- geicko insurance
Operant Conditioning
-learning in which a response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
LAaw of Effect
-responses that lead to more satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
-ex: annoying checkout line kid
(kid cries at checkout, gets candy to shut him up)
-Thorndike’s puzzle box (idk what this is)
The Skinner Box
animals learn to obtain food by manipulating their environment within the box
-all behavior is a consequence of rewards and punishments
Skinner: from pigeons to utopia (don’t think you need to know this)
- to what extent are we guided by free will?
- consciousness, beliefs, and emotions=noise that obscures what is actually going on
- tried to train pigeons to guide missiles in the war
Reinforcer
-increases the probability of a behavior occurring again
Primary Reinforcer and ex
-biological needs –belongingness, eating food , drink , pleasure
Secondary Reinforcer and ex
- stimulus that is reinforcing because of its association w a primary reinforcer
- money, grades, and praise
Punishment
Decrease in the probability of a behavior occurring again
Positive
stimulus that is added to environment
-given
Negative
- stimulus that is removed
- taken away
Positive Reinforcement
- stimulus added that increases the likelihood of a behavior
- getting praise for getting good grades
Negative Reinforcement
- stimulus removed that increases the likelihood of a behavior
- “you don’t have to get a summer job if you get good grades during the school year”
Positive punishment
- stimulus added that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
- spanking
Negative punishment
- stimulus removed that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
- taking your kids phone away when they’re bad
Achievement motivations (cf. Andrew Elliot)
- Approach Temperament: effort motivated by enjoyment and positive outcomes (study to succeed)
- Avoidance Temperament: effort motivated by avoidance of negative outcomes (study to not fail)
Immediate reinforcement
hit bar–>pellet
Delayed Reinforcement
hit bar—>wait for it…..—>pellet
delayed gratification
marshmellow test we wathced; some kids could wait for 2 mellows but some ate the 1
generalization
lever–>food
button–>food?
Shaping
reinforcement in steps; one behavior builds on another
-successive approximation: dogs rolling over, pigeon’s twirling superstition
Schedules of reinforcement
different patterns of timing/frequency of reinforcement following desired behavior
continous reinforcement
reinforcing a behavior every time!!
Partial Reinforcement
Reinforcing a behavior sometimes, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually
Fixed ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses
-free sandwiches after 10 purchases
Variable Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
- reward after 10, 7, 15, 3 responses
- slot machines
Fixed Interval Schedule
reinforcement is given after a certain period of time
-paycheck, weekly quiz
Variable Interval Schedule
reinforcement is given after an uncertain period of time
-pop-quiz
bosses us ___ productivity and ___extinction rates
high; low
Learned helplessness (seligman)
dog a: no shock
dog b: shock that could be eliminated by lever
dog c: same shock as Bs, but lever did not stop shock
part 2: shuttle box
Cognitive-Social Learning Theory
an approach that focuses on the though processes that underlie leaning
-much of what we learn is not acted on immediately-prepare for the right moment
Latent Learning
Leaning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided in displaying (learn self defense; don’t use it until you need it )
Rat experiment (latent learning)
group 1: wandered the maze for 17 days w no reward
group 2: given food for running the maze correctly
group 3: allowed to wanted the maze for 10 days w no reward, then given food for running the maze correctly
social learning theory
learning through observing the behavior of another person called a model
- Albert Bandura, bobo doll study
- kids who saw a model beating the doll aggressively did the same thing
Four stages
- paying attention
- remembering the behavior
- reproducing the action
- being motivated to learn and carry out the behavior
token economy
tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior
instinctive drift
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
mirror neuron
cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated when an animal performs an action or observes it being performed
latent inhibition
difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus
