personality (test 3)

Question 1

Psychodynamic Principles:

Psychological determinism

Answer 1

-all psychological processes-thoughts, feelings, behaviors-derive casually from underlying forces (freewill is an illusionnnnnn)

Question 2

Psychodynamic Principles Internal structure

Answer 2

-mind is compartmentalized into independent parts based on their functions (id, superego, ego)

Question 3

Psychodynamic Principles: psychic conflict and compromise

Answer 3

-Much of psychological involves competing drives (self control)

Question 4

Psychodynamic Principles: mental energy

Answer 4

-drives, like libido and thanatos ((death?)), use up psychic energy and “bottle up” if not released (catharsis )

Question 5

Id

Answer 5

• unconscious
• what “you” really wanna do
• cravings (primitive, instinctive)
• Reduce libido–>sex drives (sex, aggression, hunger)
• pleasure principle

Question 6

Superego

Answer 6

• preconscious
• what a good you wants to do
• super-moral and super-oriented
• ego-ideal or ideal-self

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

• conscious
• what you ought to do and end up doing
• manages the desire of the id and superego
• reality principle (self must restrain from acting strictly id-oriented fashion in order to function in a social world ((self-control))

-personality executive (“working” self)

Question 8

Opponent processing, account for drives and feelings

Doctrine of Opposites

Answer 8

• life instinct (eros) NEEDS death instinct (thanatos)
• happiness NEEDS sadness
• good NEEDS evil
• love NEEDS pain

[Affect Intensity (Larsen and Diener, 1987)]

Question 9

Psychosexual development: oral stage

Answer 9

-birth-18 months

• ID focus
• oral gratification through sucking, eating, mouthing etc
• virtually helpless
• so, level of interdependency develops
• but… extreme levels of interdependence=bad news (anxious, avoidant attachment)

Question 10

Anal Stage

Answer 10

• 1-3.5 yrs old
• ego focus
• gratification from expelling and withholding feces
• coming to terms w society control
• anal character–>level for self-control/social obedience
• Extremes (highly organized or highly disorganized, overly obedient or highly disobedient)

Question 11

Psychodynamic Principles: phallic stage

Answer 11

• 3.5 to 7 yrs old
• penis focus=understanding gender differences, development of superego!!
• Oedipus complex/ penis envy
• phallic character–>extreme levels of morality (selflessness or selfishness)

Question 12

Psychodynamic Principless: Latency state

Answer 12

• 7 to puberty

- sexual concerns become dormant

Question 13

Psychodynamic Principles: Genital stage

Answer 13

• puberty and onward
• maturation (some get further than others)
• transcendence (focus on birth and creation ((both genetically and symbolically))
• “to love and to work”

Question 14

fixation

Answer 14

• psychologically “stuck” on a developmental stage

- arrested development

Question 15

Regression

Answer 15

-reverting back to a particular stage in times of anxiety or stress

• biting nails or smoking (oral)
• going into a high/low organization mode (anal)

Question 16

Primary process thinking

Answer 16

• automatic processing (id) [reactive, affective, intuitive]

- rarely comes directly into consciousness [dreams and associations]

Question 17

Secondary process thinking

Answer 17

• controlled processing (ego)

- rational, calculated, agentic

Question 18

cognitive dissonance

Answer 18

Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance, etc.

-For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.`

Question 19

discordant thoughts produce friction in the form of anxiety

Answer 19

true–>cognitive dissonance

Question 20

Defense Mechanism

Answer 20

-minimizes anxiety produces during conflict (guilty, etc) usually without conscious awareness

Question 21

self is motivated to achieve ____ and ______ self

Answer 21

ought, ideal;
-but people conceal inconsistencies toward these goals by minimizing their potency
(self serving bias)

Question 22

Parapraxis: freudian slips

lapse

Answer 22

-forgetting as a means to avoid anxiety

self handicapping

Question 23

Parapraxis: freudian slips

slips

Answer 23

• mental “leakage” from the unconscious
• what one really thinks or how one really feel when defenses are down
• no “happy accidents”

Question 24

Humor

Answer 24

• often successful maneuvering around the superego in order to tap into the sensitivities of the id
• otherwise taboo thoughts become hilarious when presented carefully
• transitions from “too soon” to “I can’t believe I’m laughing at this”

Question 25

Freud

Answer 25

-Psychoanalysis -->first major wave of counseling

Question 26

Freud: the unconscious

Answer 26

- thoughts and actions | - primal urges

Question 27

Frued: study of the self

Answer 27

- individual diferences - neurosis - self-control

Question 28

personality

Answer 28

- most of research psychology studies behavior generally (across people) - here we are looking at the ways that people share and don't share characteristics

Question 29

personality traits

Answer 29

-enduring dimensions of personalty characteristics on which people differ

Question 30

trait theory

Answer 30

people have "dispositional" qualities that can predict future beliefs and behaviors -traits are continuous (you can have a little, modest amount, or a lot of a particular trait)

Question 31

although all port found there to be up to 18,000 traits, do they all matter equally?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

"big 5" superfactors (Mccrae and costa)

Answer 32

1. openness to experience 2. conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism

Question 33

Eycseek's Biological model of personality : extraversion

Answer 33

- low baseline arousal=extraverted (more social, doesn't take a lot to get you excited) - high baseline arousal=introverted - (hence, extraverts need more stimulation from the environment)

Question 34

Eycseek's Biological model of personality :Neuroticism

Answer 34

- high baseline arousal ("reactive") to negative stimuli - high fear, anxiety, worry - psychoticism - low emotional control - social deviants

Question 35

where did skinner think personality came from ?

Answer 35

- believed that traits were learned simply through situational responses - ex: if your behavior (such as being outgoing) is generally rewarded in situations, you will learn to be that way in several domains -beliefs about self are guided by how you have learned to behave -->self perception theory

Question 36

are we born w certain traits?

Answer 36

-twins studies suggest yes for the big 5

Question 37

temperament

Answer 37

-the way you are born, such as reactive or calm (emotionally) seems pervasive over time [jerome kagan]

Question 38

nature+nurture=

Answer 38

personality

Question 39

personality and birth order

Answer 39

first born=conscientious, ambitions, neurotic second born=rebellious, etc later born=agreeable, self conscious, open to experience, etc

Question 40

self efficacy

Answer 40

-a belief in ones personal capabilities to succeed

Question 41

self-esteem

Answer 41

- self-worth | - determined by how well we feel that we are doing in life (

Question 42

locus of control

Answer 42

-are you acting on the world or is it actin gone you?

Question 43

Internal LOC

Answer 43

belief of control over environment (volition)

Question 44

External LOC

Answer 44

belief of little to no control over environment

Question 45

how well to people really know themselves?

Answer 45

-traits misrepresented by a person and/or do they overestimate how much influence they have on their behavior ?