Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Psych Midterm > Flashcards

Psych Midterm Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

parts of neurons

A

soma, dendrites, axon, axon buttons, synapse, nodes of ranvier, myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

glial cells

A

cells that are a structure for neurons to latch onto; regulate neuron nutrients, communication, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dendrites

A

recieve messages and neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

soma

A

main cell body with nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

axon

A

electrical impule akes message and sends next message, fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

breaks in the myelin sheath of the axon so impulses move faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neuron firing

A

all or nothing; starts charged, thriugh diffusion positive ions are absorbed into neuron and the charge is reversed (action potential); the ability to diffuse is regulated by voltage applied to the membrane; after firing positive Na ions are pumped out again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neuron and neurotransmitter interaction

A

axon buttons have synaptic besticles containing the transmitters; when fired, vesticles release transmitters and a process called “reuptake” lets them take back excess transmitter molecules; the neurotransmitter is then recepted by dendtrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

agonist neurotransmitter

A

mimics transmitter or enhances it to get more of a reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

antagonist neurotransmitter

A

chemical that blocks receptors in the dendrites and prevents neurotransmitter reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

spinal cord

A

connects brain to peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic system and somatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

automatic regulation of body; parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

carries senseoy info and controls skeletal system; sensory and motor systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

maintains body functions under normal conditions and works to conserve energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body to react to stress, uses a lot of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

carries messages from senses to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Motor nervous system

A

carries messages from CNS to skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

interneurons

A

connect the motor system to the sensory; within the inner part of the spinal cord; responsible for reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pituitary gland

A

master of the endocrine system; directs hormone production from hypothalamus instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pineal gland

A

responsible for biological rhythms and melatonin (sleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thyroid gland

A

regulates growth and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pancreas

A

controls blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

adrenal glands

A

stress and sympathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

lesioning studies

A

study organisms with damage to the target area of the brain to gain understanding of the parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Brain stimulation

A

uses electrical stimulation of the brain; invasively insert probe or use a magnet; neurons act as if they got a message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CT scan

A

x-rays of slices od the brain put together for a 2D image; good for blood flow (function) or damage to structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

EEG

A

records electrical pulses using electrodes on the scalp; functional only (no image); shows how long it takes to process stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

MRI/fMRI

A

uses magnetic field to measure alignment of H+; most thorough picture for structure or function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive glucose injected and scanned for absorption; shows blood flow and metabolic activity; detects problems in nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acetylcholine

A

action of muscles,earning, memory; high: muscles spasms, low: alzheimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasure and reward; high: schizophrenia, low: parkinsons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Endorphins

A

euphoria and control of pain; low: addiction, high: natural opiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Norepinephrine

A

released under stress; low: depression, high: anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

GABA

A

inhibits any neurons from firing so the right neuron is getting the right message; low: lethargic, high: bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Glutamate

A

excititary, info processing an memory; high: brain damage after stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates sleep, mood, appetite, behavior; high: anxiety, low: depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

main depression neurotransmitter

A

low levels of serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

main alzheimers neurotransmitter

A

low levels of acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

main schizophrenia neurotransmitter

A

high dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how drugs help neurotransmitter imbalances

A

agonists, antagonists, OR change the amount of time that neurotransmitters are left in the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

wernicke’s area

A

meaning behind words is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

broca’s area

A

words are not produced in a smooth or coherent fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

right hemisphere

A

visual perception, music/art processing, emotions, pattern recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

left hemisphere

A

language, math calculations, logical processes, analysis of detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Phineas Gage

A

pole through his skull, damaged brain, could still function somehow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

nervous system

A

network of cells carrying info in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Medulla oblangata

A

control involuntary movement of the heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Brain Stem

A

connects hindbrain to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Reticular formation

A

filter’s your attention and alertness to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinate voluntary muscle movements; “little brain”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Pons

A

facial expressions, breathing, sleep/wake cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Tectum

A

first vision processing; part of auditory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Tegmentum

A

motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Substantia nigra

A

regulates mood and dopamine (addiction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Pineal gland

A

biological rhythm and melatonin (sleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master of the endocrine/hormone system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormones Homostasis Hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Thalamus

A

post office for all senses but smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Basal ganglia

A

voluntary movement with intent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Limbic system

A

Memory Emotions Motivations Education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Septal area

A

dopamine to the brain, sweet and soothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Amygdala

A

fear responses and memories of fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Hippocampus

A

long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Occipital lobes

A

interpret optic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Parietal lobes

A

touch, taste, navigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Somatosensory lobes

A

perceived senses; like there’s a map on your body; hot and cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Frontal lobes

A

emotions, consequences, goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Motor cortex

A

voluntary muscles in face and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Temporal lobes

A

auditory info and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects left and right brain and facilitates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Glial Cells

A

myelin sheath, protection, regulation, nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Meninges

A

protection, tissue full of spinal fluid between skull and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Gyri

A

the bumps that help scrunch up neurons to fit more for higher level cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Sulci

A

the creases that help scrunch up neurons to fit more for higher level cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

REM Sleep

A

rapid eye movement, deep sleep, dreams, sleep paralysis, starts at ten minutes and gets longer as cycle goes on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

factors affecting REM sleep amounts

A

get less REM if high physical exhertion, but get more REM (REM recovery) the next day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

N1

A

theta waves, light sleep, ten minutes long, light sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

N2

A

theta waves with occasional sleep spindles, twenty minutes long, slightly deeper sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

N3

A

delta waves, deeper sleep, up to forty minutes, some dreaming, sleep walking (somnambulism), night terrors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

during REM, all muscles are paralyzed so that we don’t act out our dreams; some sleep disorders allow people to act them out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Hypnogogic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when you start to fall asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

the sleep-wake cycle, controlled by hypothalamus and glandular system that releases melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Theories of Dreaming: Freud

A

to fulfill wishes related to sex and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Theories of Dreaming: Memory Consolidation

A

dreams are when memories are consolidated, and when STM is gotten rid of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Theories of Dreaming: Cognitive

A

creative thinking, and info processing/problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Theories of Dreaming: Activation Synthesis

A

dreams are entirely derived from pons firing off random electrical pulses that the brain tries to make sense of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Narcolepsy

A

randomly go straight to REM sleep, especially when emotionally excited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Sleep apnea

A

airway blocked during the night, can’t breathe while sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep walking during N3 usually and hard to wake up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Night terrors

A

extreme feelings of panic during sleep, N3 usually, and hard to wake up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Conscious State

A

higher-level consciousness is controlled processing (writing an essay),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Preconscious state

A

lower-level consciousness is automatic processing (alphabet song, daydreaming)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

can be produced by hypnosis, drugs, fatigue, intoxication, meditation, sleeping, dreaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

William James

A

stream of consciousness: mind is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Hypnosis

A

must be willing to be hypnotized, the person really hypnotizes themselves and someone else guides them to an altered state of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Stimulant Drugs

A

stimulate the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Depressant Drugs

A

depress the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Hallucinogenic Drugs

A

alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Barbiturates

A

major tranquilizers, depressants, sleep-inducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

minor tranquilizers, depressants, lower anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

opiates

A

stimulants, pain relieving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

cocaine

A

natural stimulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

marijuana

A

natural mild hallucinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

alcohol

A

depressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

nicotine

A

mild stimulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

amphetamines

A

synthetic stimulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

physical addiction vs psychological addiction

A

physical: body can’t function without the drug, psychological: drug is needed to be emotionally “okay”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

latent and manifest content, introduced idea of subconsciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

hypnosis theory of disassociation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

NREM vs REM purpose

A

NREM is meant to restore from physical exhertion, REM is meant to restore from emotional exhertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

microsleeps

A

what the brain relies on when sleep deprived, sleep lasting seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

adaptive theory of sleep

A

sleep at night to avoid being present during predator’s hunting times, conserve energy to hunt during the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

restorative theory of sleep

A

sleep is necessary to repair cells, release growth hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

NREM vs REM characteristics

A

no paralysis during NREM, blood pressure and heart rate increases REM while stable in NREM, eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

wakefulness brain function

A

beta waves during alert times, alpha waves during drowsy times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Freud’s latent content

A

meaning of the dream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Freud’s manifest content

A

plot of the dream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

subconscious awareness

A

not in current awareness (dreaming), Freud theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

hypnosis as disassociation

A

hypnosis worked on conscious mind and another part of the mind is fully aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

hypnosis as social role-playing

A

people are fully conscious but do whatever is expected of themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

brightness

A

amplitude of a light wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

color

A

wavelength of a light wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

saturation

A

perceived purity of color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

pupil

A

dilates to allow different amounts of light in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

iris

A

muscles control pupil size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

aqueous humor

A

clear liquid at front of eye, provides nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

cornea

A

bends light to hit retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

vitreous humor

A

jelly liquid in center of eye that provides shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

lens

A

changes shape to focus on object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

retina

A

photoreceptor cells for light processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

optic nerve

A

sends info from photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

visual accomodation

A

lens changes thickness to focus on objects; people lose ability for lens to accommodate, need glasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

rods

A

see black and white, have low sharpness, good at low light levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

cones

A

fine detail in light, see color and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

how the eye sees

A

separates into left and right visual fields, the cornea sees a flipped image, brain accommodates; each visual cortex gets half of the image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

dark adaptation

A

when rods in the eye slowly takeover vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

trichromatic theory

A

three cones for red, blue, and green; brain computes color from amount of light the cone gets and how fast it fires (wavelength)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

opponent-process theory

A

accounts for afterimages; red and green vs blue and yellow and are paired as opposites; when one is stimulated the other is inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

color blindness

A

occurs when cones are defective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

humonculus

A

areas of the body with concentrated nerve endings where sensations are more sensetive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

what is sound

A

the vibrations of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

pitch

A

wavelength of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

timbre

A

richness of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

volume

A

amplitude of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

frequency of sound

A

determines the sounds you can hear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

pinna

A

outer part of the ear that funnels sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

auditory canal

A

tunnel to the eardrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

eardrum parts

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

eardrum

A

three bones in the ear vibrate from sound and amplify the vibrations, vibrates the oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

oval window

A

makes fluid in the cochlea vibrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

cochlea

A

fluid sac with basilir membrane inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

basilir membrane

A

vibrates organ with hair cells that are sound receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: place theory

A

place theory where hair cells are stimulated, the closer to the oval window, the higher the pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: frequency theory

A

frequency theory where basilir membrane vibrates, the faster it vibrates the higher the pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: volley principle

A

three groups of neurons fire in succession dividing the frequency so certain neurons create different sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: correctness

A

place theory works for high pitch, frequency theory works for low pitch, volley theory accounts for ringing in the ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

conduction hearing impairment

A

vibrations don’t transfer to the cochlea

162
Q

nerve hearing impairment

A

permanent damage to ear neurons or the brain receptors after high volume

163
Q

taste receptors

A

taste is called gustation, receptors are taste buds; people have different numbers

164
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue that are lined by taste buds, each have about 20 neurons; they’re replaced every week or so

165
Q

papillae function

A

have chemical receptors that are activated by food, sent to brain and limbic system; enhanced by smell

166
Q

Five tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami; receptors for all tastes found everywhere

167
Q

food texture

A

sensed by the somatosensory cortex

168
Q

receptors cells for smell

A

have cells at the top of the nasal canal and there are around 10 million; the cells are small hairs that collect molecules; over 1000 smells; replaced 5-8 weeks

169
Q

somesthetic senses

A

skin, kinesthetics, vestibular sensing

170
Q

skin sense

A

nerves are below the skin surface; nerves are connected to the hair follicles; senses pain

171
Q

somatic pain

A

senses if somethings about to be damaged or if it has been damaged and needs to be protected

172
Q

visceral pain

A

internal organ pain

173
Q

theories of pain: gate-control theory

A

pain passes through the spinal cord and allows pain to pass or inhibit

174
Q

spinal cord and pain

A

pain receptor cells release substance P and activates the neurons in the spinal cord to tell the brain

175
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints tell the body its position in space in relation to eachother; ex. raising your hand while closing your eyes

176
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense located in inner ear; impacts balance and body position

177
Q

otolith organs

A

sacs above the cochlea, filled with liquid and crystals; when we move, the crystals vibrate and sends info to the brain

178
Q

semicircular canals

A

three canals in the ear that have all three dimensional planes, fluid rotates in the canals

179
Q

perception

A

the method by which the brain takes all the sensation a person experiences

180
Q

constancy

A

when stimuli stay the same

181
Q

size constancy

A

same size object no matter the distance

182
Q

shape constancy

A

interpret a shape the same way no matter the view angle

183
Q

brightness constancy

A

perceiving brightness even when light conditions change

184
Q

cocktail party effect

A

focusing on a single stimulus and blocking out background stimuli

185
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

objects are always seen as being on a background

186
Q

proximity constancy

A

objects close together are automatically grouped

187
Q

similarity constancy

A

objects that appear similar are grouped (ie uniformed sports team)

188
Q

closure constancy

A

tendency to complete incomplete figures

189
Q

continuity constancy

A

easier to group things simpler than to see them separately completely

190
Q

contiguity constancy

A

connecting two events close in time as related

191
Q

common region constancy

A

when objects are in a common area they are grouped

192
Q

depth perception

A

being able to see 3-D; two ways: monocular or binocular cues

193
Q

monocular cue

A

clues from seeing with one eye; see pictorial depth cues; how paintings create depth in pictures

194
Q

linear perspective: monocular

A

too parallel lines seemingly converge

195
Q

relative size: monocular

A

smaller figures are farther away

196
Q

overlap: : monocular

A

items blocked are perceived as farther away

197
Q

aerial perspective: monocular

A

from above, the farther away the object the hazier it appears

198
Q

texture gradient: monocular

A

closer textures are distinct; farther texture is smaller and finer

199
Q

motion parallax: monocular

A

in a moving car, closer objects move faster than further objects

200
Q

accomodation: monocular

A

when lens changes to focus on object and it’s distance; brain interprets the distance

201
Q

convergence: binocular

A

both eyes work together and put together the image; brain interprets the distance

202
Q

binocular disparity: binocular

A

both eyes see different images; brain interprets the distance; the closer the object the more different the image

203
Q

Absolute threshold

A

lowest level of stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time

204
Q

Just Noticeable Difference threshold

A

the amount a stimuli must be changed in order to detect a difference 50% of the time

205
Q

Signal detection theory

A

there are four categories of the types of reaction to stimuli: hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

206
Q

Weber’s Law

A

there is a constant applied to the just noticeable difference that says when a stimuli will be perceived as different

207
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

sensation is proportional to the log of the stimulus’ intensity

208
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

sensation is an exponential relationship with the stimulus’ intensity

209
Q

Transduction

A

transfer of the energy of the stimulus into the neuroreceptors and brain response

210
Q

receptor cells in the eye

A

bipolar, to ganglion, to amacrine

211
Q

sound localization

A

ability to detect where a sound is coming from

212
Q

tympanic membrane

A

outer membrane connecting the parts of the ear drum

213
Q

ossicles

A

the three bones within the ear drum

214
Q

visual cliff

A

test of depth perception

215
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

“father of psychology”; introspection on own minds/feelings/thoughts/experiences

216
Q

Tichner

A

from Wundt’s introspection theory, Tichner began structuralism: the breaking down of the mind into individual emotions and sensations

217
Q

Hippocrates

A

four humors developed; each person has a mix of the four humors that determine behavior

218
Q

Charles Darwin

A

influenced functionalism with theory of natural selection

219
Q

John Watson

A

started behaviorism: observed behavior and used conditioning to study behavior; “Little Albert” experiment trained a kid to be afraid of a rat; proved learned phobias

220
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

first known woman psychologist; took Watson’s conditioning ideas and wanted to see if she could reverse learned phobias; trained “Little Peter” with behavior therapy

221
Q

John Locke

A

tabula rasa idea that all learning comes from experience or perception

222
Q

Stanley Hall

A

first president of the American Psych Association

223
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Freudian psych: the unconscious mind is motivated by sex and aggression; through psychoanalysis, can use childhood, repression, unconscious motivations to help patients

224
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

developed the theory operant conditioning in the behavioral perspective

225
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

pioneer of humanistic perspective with psychotherapy that focuses on self improvement

226
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

behavior is based on group expectations and social norms; one’s environment; nurture part of nature vs nurture

227
Q

Biological Perspective

A

behavior is based on biological events in the body

228
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

behavior is based on learning from punishment or reinforcement

229
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

behavior is based on the idea that humans all need certain parts of the hierarchy and to feel like they have fulfilled their destiny

230
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

behavior based on storage and interpretation of information

231
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

behavior is based on the unconscious mind; therapy focuses on relationships as motivations; Freud: sex and aggression

232
Q

Trait Perspective

A

behavior is based on one’s personality determined by genetics; nature part of nature vs nurture

233
Q

Developmental Perspective

A

behavior is based on one’s stage of growth; combines nature and nurture factors

234
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

behavior is based on human instinct developed by natural selection

235
Q

Psychiatrist vs Psychologist

A

a psychologist is not medically trained, they have a PhD and have specific training; a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who diagnosis and treats disorders

236
Q

Structuralism

A

using introspection and breaking down parts of the mind and isolating specific emotions, thoughts, and feelings.

237
Q

Functionalism

A

how the mind allows everyday function focusing on genetics

238
Q

Gestalt Psych

A

the original cognitive psychology; focused on sensation and perception before really understanding the brain

239
Q

Introspection

A

technique where patients verbalize internal thoughts and feelings; broken down into individual sensations

240
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

therapy designed around the psychodynamic/unconscious motives perspective

241
Q

Schema

A

a mental frameworkEx. if a child only sees a four legged animal as a dog, it will call a cat a dog

242
Q

objective introspection

A

Wundt had his students analyze and verbalize their own thoughts and mental activities, called objective introspection

243
Q

definitions of phobias

A

Freud: symptom or repression; Watson: learned

244
Q

six main perspectives

A

sociocultural; biological; behavioral; humanistic; cognitive; psychodynamic

245
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

brain imaging on physical brain processes

246
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior trained by positive reinforcement

247
Q

Pavlov

A

reflexes occur based on formerly unrelated stimulus; first to use conditioning

248
Q

learning

A

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

249
Q

why is learning “relatively permanent”

A

when you learn, your brain physically changes; it can always deteriorate later

250
Q

learning by maturation

A

natural steps in growing up, like learning to walk

251
Q

Pavlov’s experiment

A

dogs salivating after just seeing a food bowl, stimulated by a bell

252
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning to elicit a non-voluntary reflex response to original stimulus

253
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

original stimulus that leads to the involuntary response

254
Q

unconditional response

A

automatic/involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus

255
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

same as neutral stimulus, the new stimulus that creates the same response as the unconditioned response

256
Q

conditioned response

A

always same as unconditioned response, now prompted by conditioned stimulus

257
Q

acquisition

A

repeated paring of a neutral stimulus and the unconditional stimulus

258
Q

requirements for classical conditioning

A

conditioned and unconditioned stimulus must occur close in time; must be paired several times (usually); conditioned stimulus must be distinctive

259
Q

stimulus generalization

A

tendency to respond to a similar stimulus

260
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when they learn to tell the difference between the different stimuli

261
Q

vicarious conditioning

A

conditioning after watching someone else respond to a stimulus

262
Q

fear-inducing stimuli

A

provoke instinct because they are closely tied to survival

263
Q

conditioning fear issues

A

its really hard to condition fear for objects that aren’t dangerous

264
Q

Rescorla’s input to conditioning

A

the conditioned stimulus had to provide some indication about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

265
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning of voluntary behavior using reinforcement or punishment

266
Q

positive punishment

A

adding something undesirable

267
Q

negative punishment

A

taking away something good

268
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding something desirable

269
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away something undesirable

270
Q

Thorndike’s experiment

A

hungry cat in a trap box, motivated to solve puzzle by food outside of the box

271
Q

law of effect

A

if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action tends to be repeated

272
Q

Skinner’s contribution

A

all behavior is a product of learning, what happens after behavior reinforces the behavior

273
Q

Reinforcement

A

anything after the response that makes it more likely

274
Q

Punishment

A

anything after the response the makes it unlikely

275
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

fulfills basic human needs (hunger, thirst, pleasure)

276
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

associated with primary reinforcers (money), these reinforcers have power because they are classically conditioned

277
Q

Superstitious Reinforcers

A

when superstition about something is connected to a good/bad event

278
Q

partial reinforcement effective

A

giving a reinforcer every five times a behavior happens rather than every time is better to prevent extinction

279
Q

interval schedule

A

every specific amount of time

280
Q

ratio schedule

A

every specific number of times the behavior occurs

281
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

every x days there’s a reward

282
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

every x behavioral responses there’s a reward

283
Q

variable interval schedule

A

random x amount of time there’s a reward

284
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

random x number of behavioral responses there’s a reward

285
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

only stimulus cueing a response to obtain reinforcement; always stop at a red light

286
Q

shaping

A

conditioning in small steps; training a cat to use the toilet

287
Q

extinction of operant conditioning occurs when

A

the reinforcement/punishment is removed

288
Q

biological constraints to operant conditioning

A

when instinctual behavior trumps trained behavior

289
Q

latent learning

A

when learning patterns, we make a mental cognitive map; but unless prompted with a reinforcer, what we learned may not be demonstrated

290
Q

Tolman’s rats

A

demonstrated latent learning because they went through a maze without reward, but when given a reward they computed the fastest path; they had learned it but didn’t have the motivation to be the fastest until the food was present

291
Q

Kohler’s chimp

A

demonstrated insight learning by setting bananas out of reach of a chimp, but gave him two sticks to put together to get the banana

292
Q

insight learning

A

when given a problem with no model, a sudden flash of inspiration and a consummation of learning helps the chimp solve the problem; NOT from trial and error

293
Q

learned helplessness

A

tendency to fail to act to escape when it is known that it is inevitable; actually changes brain chemistry by releasing serotonin to suppress fear of the danger; common in depression and PTSD patients

294
Q

Seligman’s depressed dogs

A

dogs learned that couldn’t escape a shock, so when given the option to escape, they didn’t

295
Q

observational learning

A

new behavior through watching the actions of a model

296
Q

elements of observational learning

A

must pay attention to the model (helps if similar or attractive); learner must be capable of repeating behavior; learner must be able to retain the memory; must have motivation to perform act (model a reward helps)

297
Q

Bandura and the Bobo Doll

A

demonstrated observational learning; when adults modeled aggression vs being nice to the doll, the children modeled what they witnessed; when rewarded for aggression, children were even more likely to be aggressive

298
Q

contingency learning

A

the expectation of a stimulus from an indicator (bell); has a cognitive aspect as one is predicting a stimulus

299
Q

watson’s contribution

A

classically conditioning baby albert

300
Q

garcia’s contribution

A

taste aversion

301
Q

rescorla and wagner’s contribution

A

contingency learning

302
Q

overjustification

A

when extrinsic motivation decreases intrinsic motivation (love singing, get paid, don’t like singing anymore)

303
Q

premack principle

A

when you reinforce a non-preferred activity with a preferred activity (getting starbucks after going to the gym)

304
Q

memory

A

active system receiving info from senses, puts info into usable form, organizes it, stores it away

305
Q

basic memory process breakdown

A

encoding of neural info from sensory info; storage; retrieval

306
Q

information-processing model

A

most comprehensive model; details encoding, storage, and retrieval as memory sequence

307
Q

parallel distributed processing model

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval are simultaneous; related to artificial intelligence and connectionism

308
Q

levels-of-processing model

A

we remember what we’ve thought about deeply, thought about meaning

309
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

visual memory; can hold everything you can see at one time; memory doesn’t last long (1 sec); helps see surroundings as continuous

310
Q

eidetic memory

A

can see something they just saw, again

311
Q

photographic memory

A

not really, eidetic memory is rare; just means they have a good memory

312
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

hearing memory; smaller capacity than visual; only hears what can be heard at one time; memory lasts longer than visual (4 secs)

313
Q

Short-Term memory

A

if sensory information is deemed important to hold onto, it goes to STM; held 12-30 secs;

314
Q

STM and selective attention

A

STM determines what is most important stimuli to store in the STM

315
Q

Encoding of STM

A

is literally a talking or sound within your head

316
Q

Capacity of STM

A

about 7 pieces of information, so if you chunk info, you can hold more STM

317
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating something to remember it, info stays in STM until rehearsal stops

318
Q

memory interference

A

when rehearsal is interrupted, or capacity is exceeded, can’t encode

319
Q

Long-Term memory

A

when information is intended to be kept permanently; theoretically we have unlimited storage, so everything is stored but not always free to be retrieved

320
Q

Encoding of LTM

A

as images, sounds, smells, tastes; BUT mostly stored as meaningful concepts; can be through maintenance rehearsal, but usually elaborative

321
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

transfer STM to LTM by connecting new info to existing and known info

322
Q

Nondeclerative/Implicit LTM

A

skills and habits; procedural and gained through practice and experience; hard to consciously explain

323
Q

Declerative/Explicit LTM

A

information that makes up knowledge; easily made conscious

324
Q

Semantic Declerative LTM

A

anyone can know, knowledge of concepts, learned

325
Q

Episodic Declerative LTM

A

personal history, autobiographical memory; updated and revised constantly so that unimportant things disappear (can’t remember everything that has happened to you)

326
Q

Semantic network model

A

when learning something, info is stored near closely related things; we can access things simultaneously because of the parallel distributed processing model

327
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering that we need to perform a task later

328
Q

retrieval cues

A

stimuli to remember, the more cues associated to something, the easier to remember it; anything can be a cue

329
Q

encoding specificity

A

association between surroundings and remembered info

330
Q

context of encoding specificity

A

remember something better when you’re in a similar environment that the memory was formed in

331
Q

state-dependence of encoding specificity

A

memories formed during a similar physiological/psychological state are easier to remember in that state; when you’re fighting a friend, you remember bad things about them

332
Q

recall

A

memories prompted with no external cues (fill in the blank question)

333
Q

recall failure

A

when you struggle to recall, but it feels like “its on the tip of your tongue”; can’t be pulled into the auditory STM to recall it

334
Q

serial position effect

A

info at the beginning and end of a list/word is remembered better

335
Q

primary effect

A

first things are remembered because there’s nothing in the STM already

336
Q

recency effect

A

allows you to remember end because of what was just heard/seen is still in the STM

337
Q

recognition

A

memories prompted with cues and matching the cues to what’s known in memory; easier than recall

338
Q

visual recognition

A

is VERY accurate

339
Q

false positive recognition

A

when you think you recognize something because of a similar stimulus

340
Q

Automatic Encoding

A

some memories require no effort to be encoded; but the more time passes, the more the LTM has been modified, the more inaccuracies

341
Q

constructive processing

A

each time something is recalled, a memory is rebuilt from encoder info and sometimes things are added or excluded

342
Q

hindsight bias

A

people falsely believe that they would’ve predicted something before being told about it

343
Q

misinformation bias

A

a retrieval issue, if given new information it will change the memory (eyewitness accounts)

344
Q

false-memory syndrome

A

creation of false memories through suggestion by others (hypnosis); memories must be plausible…BUT through false positive feedback implausible things can be made plausible

345
Q

forgetting

A

the ability to forget is necessary for sanity

346
Q

Ebbingaus and Forgetting

A

made a curve of how long it takes to forget random nonsense syllables in a list

347
Q

distributed practice

A

a better way to form memories, learning over time is better

348
Q

Memory trace

A

physical change in brain when memory was formed

349
Q

memory trace decay theory

A

if traces go unused, they decay; “use it or lose it” memory

350
Q

interference theory

A

there’s too much information in the way of the memory so you can’t retrieve it

351
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned material interferes with new learning

352
Q

retroactive interference

A

new material interferes with old learning material

353
Q

memory and the brain changes

A

memory is a change in receptor sites, sensitivity of the synapse, and proteins in neurons

354
Q

consolidation

A

brain changes over time to form a memory

355
Q

hippocampus and memory

A

forms declerative LTMs only

356
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory from injury backwards; consolidation is interrupted; unfinished consolidation is lost

357
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memory from the injury forwards; in dementia and concussions; symptoms include repetitiveness

358
Q

Alzheimers and memory

A

type of dementia; anterograde amnesia at first and then retrograde; acetylcholine neurotransmitter

359
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

early memories are implicit and nondeclerative only; not brought to consciousness easily; explicit memory doesn’t form until 2 yo

360
Q

consolidation time period

A

can take seconds, minutes, days, months or years; that’s why amnesia of memories occurs for many time lengths

361
Q

hyperthymesia

A

when someone remembers everything

362
Q

tip of tongue phenomena

A

recall failure

363
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

proved that eyewitness counts are wildly unreliable because of constructive processing

364
Q

mood congruent memories

A

memories that are best remembered with context in similar mood states

365
Q

transience

A

natural decay of memories over time

366
Q

absent-mindedness

A

lapse of attention leads to bad encoding or forgetting

367
Q

blocking

A

some sort of interference causes temporary forgetting

368
Q

misattribution

A

attribution of memories to incorrect sources, believing a memory

369
Q

suggestibility

A

incorporation of incorrect information into memory due to leading questions and deception

370
Q

persistence

A

memories that can’t be forgotten, drives you crazy

371
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporation of incorrect information into memory due to leading questions and deception

372
Q

framing

A

how a question is worded to influence problem-solving

373
Q

LAD

A

schema for human language; language acquisition device

374
Q

grammar

A

rules of language

375
Q

morphemes

A

units of meaning: count each unit of meaning plus one for the whole word

376
Q

phonemes

A

units of sound

377
Q

overregularization

A

over simplification of grammar rules

378
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

language influences thought, Whorf’s hypothesis

379
Q

superordinate thinking

A

abstract concept

380
Q

basic thinking

A

more specific example

381
Q

subordinate thinking

A

most specific level of a concept

382
Q

script thinking

A

a schema but for a familiar sequence

383
Q

convergent thinking

A

one answer, all lines point to it

384
Q

divergent thinking

A

starts at one point, comes up with many solutions

385
Q

Chomsky

A

language acquisition device, all people have ability to communicate using syntax

386
Q

Whorf

A

language influences thought, linguistic determinism

387
Q

mental set

A

tendency to solve a problem the way that has been successful

388
Q

functional fixedness

A

fail to see an object for use in a different way than normal

389
Q

representative heuristics

A

stereotyping mental shortcut

390
Q

availability heuristics

A

estimating the probability of certain events

391
Q

prototype

A

concept that embodies the definition of a concept (apple is a fruit)

392
Q

belief bias

A

preconceived beliefs lead to illogical reasoning

393
Q

priming

A

activation of info by first anticipating learning and then relearning it

394
Q

metacognition

A

process of thinking about how you think

395
Q

semantics

A

homophones, rules to determine meaning of sentence

396
Q

overextension

A

apply the same word to everything

397
Q

Experimenter bias

A

when the experimenters introduce bias based on personal expectations

398
Q

Observer bias

A

when the experimenters introduce bias based on personal expectations

399
Q

Observer effect/Hawthorne effect

A

the known presence of an observer affects the participants behavior

400
Q

confirmation bias

A

when the participant tailors their answer to make the observer happy

AP Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions