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AP Psychology > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

parts of neurons

A

soma, dendrites, axon, axon buttons, synapse, nodes of ranvier, myelin sheath

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2
Q

glial cells

A

cells that are a structure for neurons to latch onto; regulate neuron nutrients, communication, death

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3
Q

dendrites

A

recieve messages and neurotransmitters

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4
Q

soma

A

main cell body with nucleus

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5
Q

axon

A

electrical impule akes message and sends next message, fibrous

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6
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

breaks in the myelin sheath of the axon so impulses move faster

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7
Q

neuron firing

A

all or nothing; starts charged, thriugh diffusion positive ions are absorbed into neuron and the charge is reversed (action potential); the ability to diffuse is regulated by voltage applied to the membrane; after firing positive Na ions are pumped out again

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8
Q

neuron and neurotransmitter interaction

A

axon buttons have synaptic besticles containing the transmitters; when fired, vesticles release transmitters and a process called “reuptake” lets them take back excess transmitter molecules; the neurotransmitter is then recepted by dendtrites

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9
Q

agonist neurotransmitter

A

mimics transmitter or enhances it to get more of a reaction

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10
Q

antagonist neurotransmitter

A

chemical that blocks receptors in the dendrites and prevents neurotransmitter reaction

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11
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

spinal cord

A

connects brain to peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic system and somatic system

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

automatic regulation of body; parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

carries senseoy info and controls skeletal system; sensory and motor systems

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16
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

maintains body functions under normal conditions and works to conserve energy

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17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body to react to stress, uses a lot of energy

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18
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

carries messages from senses to CNS

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19
Q

Motor nervous system

A

carries messages from CNS to skeletal system

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20
Q

interneurons

A

connect the motor system to the sensory; within the inner part of the spinal cord; responsible for reflexes

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21
Q

pituitary gland

A

master of the endocrine system; directs hormone production from hypothalamus instructions

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22
Q

pineal gland

A

responsible for biological rhythms and melatonin (sleep)

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23
Q

thyroid gland

A

regulates growth and metabolism

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24
Q

pancreas

A

controls blood sugar

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25
Q

gonads

A

sexual behavior and reproduction

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26
Q

adrenal glands

A

stress and sympathy

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27
Q

lesioning studies

A

study organisms with damage to the target area of the brain

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28
Q

Brain stimulation

A

uses electrical stimulation of the brain; invasively insert probe or use a magnet; neurons act as if they got a message

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29
Q

CT scan

A

x-rays of slices od the brain put together for a 2D image; good for blood flow (function) or damage to structures

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30
Q

EEG

A

records electrical pulses using electrodes on the scalp; functional only (no image); shows how long it takes to process stimuli

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31
Q

MRI/fMRI

A

uses magnetic field to measure alignment of H+; most thorough picture for structure or function

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32
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive glucose injected and scanned for absorption; shows blood flow and metabolic activity; detects problems in nervous system

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33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

action of muscles,earning, memory; high: muscles spasms, low: alzheimers

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34
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasure and reward; high: schizophrenia, low: parkinsons

35
Q

Endorphins

A

euphoria and control of pain; low: addiction, high: natural opiate

36
Q

Norepinephrine

A

released under stress; low: depression, high: anxiety

37
Q

GABA

A

inhibits any neurons from firing so the right neuron is getting the right message; low: lethargic, high: bipolar

38
Q

Glutamate

A

excititary, info processing an memory; high: brain damage after stroke

39
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates sleep, mood, appetite, behavior; high: anxiety, low: depression

40
Q

main depression neurotransmitter

A

low levels of serotonin

41
Q

main alzheimers neurotransmitter

A

low levels of acetylcholine

42
Q

main schizophrenia neurotransmitter

A

high dopamine

43
Q

how drugs help neurotransmitter imbalances

A

agonists, antagonists, OR change the time that neurotransmitters are left in the synapse

44
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

45
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

46
Q

wernicke’s area

A

meaning behind words is lost

47
Q

broca’s area

A

words are not produced in a smooth or coherent fashion

48
Q

right hemisphere

A

visual perception, music/art processing, emotions, pattern recognition

49
Q

left hemisphere

A

language, math calculations, logical processes, analysis of detail

50
Q

parathyroid glands

A

glands that maintain correct calcium levels in the blood

51
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

boy has an extra X chromosome, more feminine features

52
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

girl missing part/all of an X chromosome, undeveloped sexually and developmentally

53
Q

Phineas Gage

A

pole through his skull, damaged brain, could still function somehow

54
Q

nervous system

A

network of cells carrying info in the body

55
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Cerebral cortex

56
Q

Medulla oblangata

A

control involuntary movement of the heart and lungs

57
Q

Brain Stem

A

connects hindbrain to spinal cord

58
Q

Reticular formation

A

filter’s your attention and alertness to environment

59
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinate voluntary muscle movements; “little brain”

60
Q

Pons

A

facial expressions, breathing, sleep/wake cycle

61
Q

Tectum

A

first vision processing; part of auditory processing

62
Q

Tegmentum

A

motor control

63
Q

Substantia nigra

A

regulates mood and dopamine (addiction)

64
Q

Pineal gland

A

biological rhythm and melatonin (sleep)

65
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master of the endocrine/hormone system

66
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormones Homostasis Hunger

67
Q

Thalamus

A

post office for all senses but smell

68
Q

Basal ganglia

A

voluntary movement with intent

69
Q

Limbic system

A

Memory Emotions Motivations Education

70
Q

Septal area

A

dopamine to the brain, sweet and soothing

71
Q

Amygdala

A

fear responses and memories of fear

72
Q

Hippocampus

A

long term memory

73
Q

Occipital lobes

A

interpret optic info

74
Q

Parietal lobes

A

touch, taste, navigation

75
Q

Somatosensory lobes

A

perceived senses; like there’s a map on your body; hot and cold

76
Q

Frontal lobes

A

emotions, consequences, goals

77
Q

Motor cortex

A

voluntary muscles in face and limbs

78
Q

Temporal lobes

A

auditory info and language

79
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects left and right brain and facilitates

80
Q

Glial Cells

A

myelin sheath, protection, regulation, nutrients

81
Q

Meninges

A

protection, tissue full of spinal fluid between skull and brain

82
Q

Gyri

A

the bumps that help scrunch up neurons to fit more for higher level cognition

83
Q

Sulci

A

the creases that help scrunch up neurons to fit more for higher level cognition

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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