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AP Psychology > Ch 3 Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Ch 3 Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

brightness

A

amplitude of a light wave

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2
Q

color

A

wavelength of a light wave

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3
Q

saturation

A

perceived purity of color

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4
Q

pupil

A

dilates to allow different amounts of light in

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5
Q

iris

A

muscles control pupil size

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6
Q

aqueous humor

A

clear liquid at front of eye, provides nourishment

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7
Q

cornea

A

bends light to hit retina

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8
Q

vitreous humor

A

jelly liquid in center of eye that provides shape

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9
Q

lens

A

changes shape to focus on object

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10
Q

retina

A

photoreceptor cells for light processing

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11
Q

optic nerve

A

sends info from photoreceptors

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12
Q

visual accomodation

A

lens changes thickness to focus on objects; people lose ability for lens to accommodate, need glasses

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13
Q

rods

A

see black and white, have low sharpness, good at low light levels

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14
Q

cones

A

fine detail in light, see color and movement

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15
Q

how the eye sees

A

separates into left and right visual fields, the cornea sees a flipped image, brain accommodates; each visual cortex gets half of the image

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16
Q

dark adaptation

A

when rods in the eye slowly takeover vision

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17
Q

trichromatic theory

A

three cones for red, blue, and green; brain computes color from amount of light the cone gets and how fast it fires (wavelength)

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18
Q

opponent-process theory

A

accounts for afterimages; red and green vs blue and yellow and are paired as opposites; when one is stimulated the other is inhibited

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19
Q

color blindness

A

occurs when cones are defective

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20
Q

humonculus

A

areas of the body with concentrated nerve endings where sensations are more sensetive

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21
Q

what is sound

A

the vibrations of molecules

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22
Q

pitch

A

wavelength of sound

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23
Q

timbre

A

richness of sound

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24
Q

volume

A

amplitude of sound

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25
Q

frequency of sound

A

determines the sounds you can hear

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26
Q

pinna

A

outer part of the ear that funnels sound

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27
Q

auditory canal

A

tunnel to the eardrum

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28
Q

eardrum parts

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

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29
Q

eardrum

A

three bones in the ear vibrate from sound and amplify the vibrations, vibrates the oval window

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30
Q

oval window

A

makes fluid in the cochlea vibrate

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31
Q

cochlea

A

fluid sac with basilir membrane inside

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32
Q

basilir membrane

A

vibrates organ with hair cells that are sound receptors

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33
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: place theory

A

place theory where hair cells are stimulated, the closer to the oval window, the higher the pitch

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34
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: frequency theory

A

frequency theory where basilir membrane vibrates, the faster it vibrates the higher the pitch

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35
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: volley principle

A

three groups of neurons fire in succession dividing the frequency so certain neurons create different sounds

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36
Q

pitch of sound and anatomy: correctness

A

place theory works for high pitch, frequency theory works for low pitch, volley theory accounts for ringing in the ears

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37
Q

conduction hearing impairment

A

vibrations don’t transfer to the cochlea

38
Q

nerve hearing impairment

A

permanent damage to ear neurons or the brain receptors after high volume

39
Q

taste receptors

A

taste is called gustation, receptors are taste buds; people have different numbers

40
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue that are lined by taste buds, each have about 20 neurons; they’re replaced every week or so

41
Q

papillae function

A

have chemical receptors that are activated by food, sent to brain and limbic system; enhanced by smell

42
Q

Five tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami; receptors for all tastes found everywhere

43
Q

food texture

A

sensed by the somatosensory cortex

44
Q

receptors cells for smell

A

have cells at the top of the nasal canal and there are around 10 million; the cells are small hairs that collect molecules; over 1000 smells; replaced 5-8 weeks

45
Q

somesthetic senses

A

skin, kinesthetics, vestibular sensing

46
Q

skin sense

A

nerves are below the skin surface; nerves are connected to the hair follicles; senses pain

47
Q

somatic pain

A

senses if somethings about to be damaged or if it has been damaged and needs to be protected

48
Q

visceral pain

A

internal organ pain

49
Q

theories of pain: gate-control theory

A

pain passes through the spinal cord and allows pain to pass or inhibit

50
Q

spinal cord and pain

A

pain receptor cells release substance P and activates the neurons in the spinal cord to tell the brain

51
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints tell the body its position in space in relation to eachother; ex. raising your hand while closing your eyes

52
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense located in inner ear; impacts balance and body position

53
Q

otolith organs

A

sacs above the cochlea, filled with liquid and crystals; when we move, the crystals vibrate and sends info to the brain

54
Q

semicircular canals

A

three canals in the ear that have all three dimensional planes, fluid rotates in the canals

55
Q

perception

A

the method by which the brain takes all the sensation a person experiences

56
Q

constancy

A

when stimuli stay the same

57
Q

size constancy

A

same size object no matter the distance

58
Q

shape constancy

A

interpret a shape the same way no matter the view angle

59
Q

brightness constancy

A

perceiving brightness even when light conditions change

60
Q

cocktail party effect

A

focusing on a single stimulus and blocking out background stimuli

61
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

objects are always seen as being on a background

62
Q

proximity constancy

A

objects close together are automatically grouped

63
Q

similarity constancy

A

objects that appear similar are grouped (ie uniformed sports team)

64
Q

closure constancy

A

tendency to complete incomplete figures

65
Q

continuity constancy

A

easier to group things simpler than to see them separately completely

66
Q

contiguity constancy

A

connecting two events close in time as related

67
Q

common region constancy

A

when objects are in a common area they are grouped

68
Q

depth perception

A

being able to see 3-D; two ways: monocular or binocular cues

69
Q

monocular cue

A

clues from seeing with one eye; see pictorial depth cues; how paintings create depth in pictures

70
Q

linear perspective: monocular

A

too parallel lines seemingly converge

71
Q

relative size: monocular

A

smaller figures are farther away

72
Q

overlap: : monocular

A

items blocked are perceived as farther away

73
Q

aerial perspective: monocular

A

from above, the farther away the object the hazier it appears

74
Q

texture gradient: monocular

A

closer textures are distinct; farther texture is smaller and finer

75
Q

motion parallax: monocular

A

in a moving car, closer objects move faster than further objects

76
Q

accomodation: monocular

A

when lens changes to focus on object and it’s distance; brain interprets the distance

77
Q

convergence: binocular

A

both eyes work together and put together the image; brain interprets the distance

78
Q

binocular disparity: binocular

A

both eyes see different images; brain interprets the distance; the closer the object the more different the image

79
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of stimuli and the resulting perceptions and sensations

80
Q

Absolute threshold

A

lowest level of stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time

81
Q

Just Noticeable Difference threshold

A

the amount a stimuli must be changed in order to detect a difference 50% of the time

82
Q

Signal detection theory

A

there are four categories of the types of reaction to stimuli: hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

83
Q

Weber’s Law

A

there is a constant applied to the just noticeable difference that says when a stimuli will be perceived as different

84
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

sensation is proportional to the log of the stimulus’ intensity

85
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

sensation is an exponential relationship with the stimulus’ intensity

86
Q

Transduction

A

transfer of the energy of the stimulus into the neuroreceptors and brain response

87
Q

receptor cells in the eye

A

bipolar, to ganglion, to amacrine

88
Q

sound localization

A

ability to detect where a sound is coming from

89
Q

tympanic membrane

A

outer membrane connecting the parts of the ear drum

90
Q

ossicles

A

the three bones within the ear drum

91
Q

visual cliff

A

test of depth perception

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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