Ch 8 Human Development

Question 1

longitudinal experiment

Answer 1

same group over long period of time

Question 2

cross-sectional experiment

Answer 2

multiple cohorts at one point in time

Question 3

cross-sequential experiment

Answer 3

multiple cohorts over time

Question 4

prenatal development stages

Answer 4

fertilization, germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

Question 5

monozygotic vs dizygotic twins

Answer 5

mono- identical twins, egg split; di- two eggs fertilized at once; monozygotic twins are used to study nature vs nurture

Question 6

germinal period

Answer 6

zygote attaches to uterus wall, placenta and umbilical cord begin to form; cell differentiation

Question 7

embryonic period

Answer 7

2-8 weeks; organs begin to develop and there are critical periods for each of the body’s structures to begin to form

Question 8

teratogen

Answer 8

anything that can cause a birth defect; start to have big impact during embryonic

Question 9

fetal period

Answer 9

rapid growth, organs become functional

Question 10

five baby reflexes

Answer 10

grasping, startle, rooting (moves to poking finger), stepping, sucking

Question 11

newborn sensory function

Answer 11

hearing, taste, and smell are mostly in tact; takes 6 months for cones and vision to develop

Question 12

motor milestones in infants

Answer 12

raising chin (2 months), rolling over, sitting with support (6), sitting alone, crawling, walking (12 months)

Question 13

Piaget

Answer 13

developed cognitive development timeline

Question 14

Piaget’s stages

Answer 14

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 15

sensorimotor

Answer 15

0-2; object permanence, stranger/separation anxiety

Question 16

preoperational

Answer 16

2-7; theory of mind, animistic, pretend play, egocentrism, irrevesibility

Question 17

concrete operational

Answer 17

7-12; reversibility, conservation, concrete logic, math,

Question 18

formal operational

Answer 18

12-100; abstract higher-level thinking

Question 19

secure attachment

Answer 19

mom needs to be hovering, upset when mom leaves them alone; easily soothed when she gets back;

Question 20

avoidant attachment

Answer 20

very little notice to mom or stranger being there or not

Question 21

ambivalent attachment

Answer 21

upset about stranger with and without mom, hard to soothe

Question 22

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Answer 22

fearful of mother, didn’t know how to react to anything

Question 23

Strange Situation Experiment

Answer 23

Ainsworth put babies in room with mom, then mom left and stranger came in, looked at baby’s attachment

Question 24

imprinting vs attachment

Answer 24

imprinting is more biological and less social

Question 25

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 25

moral development stages

Question 26

Carol Gilligan

Answer 26

took Kohlberg’s moral development stages and modified towards women rather than to justice and more male-specific cognition stages

Question 27

Eric Erickson

Answer 27

psychosocial development and stage crisis that must be overcome

Question 28

Infant to Adolescent Development Crises

Answer 28

trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame; initiative vs guilt; industry vs inferiority; identity vs role confusion

Question 29

Early Adulthood to Late Adulthood Development Crises

Answer 29

intimacy vs isolation; genarativity vs stagnation; ego integrity vs despair

Question 30

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 30

personal fable, everything is about them they are incredibly special; imaginary audience, feel like everyone is watching their every move

Question 31

Kohlberg’s Morality Stages

Answer 31

preconventional- things that are rewarded are right; conventional- things are right if they follow the rules; postconventional- things are right if we think they are

Question 32

authoritarian parenting

Answer 32

parents have many rules; children often rebel

Question 33

permissive parenting

Answer 33

no demands on children; children are selfish, immature, dependent

Question 34

authoritative parenting

Answer 34

firm limits and listening to child’s point of view; children are independent

Question 35

assimilation

Answer 35

trying to fit new information into existing schemas (cat is a dog)

Question 36

accomodation

Answer 36

modifying a schema to fit new information

Question 37

metacognition

Answer 37

how we think about the way we think; asking kids if they understand doesn’t work, they haven’t developed this yet

Question 38

Harlow

Answer 38

contact comfort, if monkeys pick cloth or wire mom to feed on; usually picked cloth

Question 39

Kubler-Ross

Answer 39

stages of dying and grief

Question 40

Lorenz

Answer 40

imprinting

Question 41

Marcia

Answer 41

identified stages of identity realization applied to Erickson’s model

Question 42

Vygotsky

Answer 42

social interactions is key to cognitive development; zone of proximal development

Question 43

zone of proximal development

Answer 43

the difference between a student being able to do something with a teacher or peer and doing it on their own