Ch 9 Motivation, Hunger, Emotion Flashcards
Instinct Theory
all motivation is by instinct created by biological patterns
Maslow
humanistic psychologist that proposed a hierarchy of needs and drives that motivate our behavior; self-actualization
McClelland
identified a need for power, affiliation, or achievement as biggest motivators
Dweck
locus of control theory as motivation; what we think about ourselves determines our motivation (self-theory)
Rotter
law of effect, motivated to seek positive stimulation and avoid negative stimulation
Lewin
human motivation and behavior according to context of environment and social factors
Lorenz
witnessed imprinting of geese
Selye
general adaptation theory
Eckman
facial expressions and emotions
Imprinting
animal forms concept of own identity from forming attachments
Incentive Theory
motivated by the external incentive’s rewarding properties (the drive is a push, the rewarding properties is a pull)
Drive-reduction Theory
we are motivated by reducing the drives created by the lack of a need
Arousal Theory
people have an optimal level of tension created by lack of a need; everyone has a specific level of arousal that
Yerkes-Dodson law
do a hard task better with lower arousal, do an easy task better with higher arousal
Hierarchy of Needs
motivated by reaching self-actualization by achieving each stage on the hierarchy of needs
Peak experiences
when self-actualization is achieved (usually temporary) and we are motivated by having peak experiences more often
Evolutionary Theory
instinctual motivation
Theory X
assumes that employees hate work and must be authoritatively managed
Theory Y
assumes that employees like work and a de-centralized management styles is necessary
Overjustification
when extrinsic motivators decrease the motivation of an activity that used to be only intrinsically motivated
Self-efficacy
the more self-efficacy, the higher the belief that we have the ability to do something
Set point (hunger)
hypothalamus sets the ideal weight that the body tries to maintain
Lesions to ventromedial hypothalamus
responsible for stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up
Lesions to lateral hypthalamus
responsible for stating eating when insulin levels go up
Motives in conflict
approach vs avoidance theories
Cross-cultural perspective on motivaton
individualism vs collectivisme
individualism
motivated for the good of their own person
collectivism
motivated for the good of their community
7 universal emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise
display rules
varying culturally accepted ways to display emotion in social settings
microexpressions
small expressions in the face that last a fraction of time and indicate an emotion
Lateralization of emotion
positive emotions are controlled by the left hemisphere, negative by the right
Schachter-Singer Two-factor theory
stimulus–> simultaneous physiological response and cognitive appraisal –> emotion
James-Lange Theory
non-cognitive creation of emotion;
stimulus –> physiological response –> emotion
Facial feedback hypothesis
non-cognitive creation of emotion from physiological response; when you smile you feel happier
Cannon-Bard Theory
non-cognitive creation of emotion;
stimulus–> simultaneous physiological and emotional response
Opponent-Process Theory (emotion)
non-cognitive creation of emotion; the experience of one emotion is just the absence of all the others; after feeling of emotion, feel the opposite emotion intensely later
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
stimulus –> cognitive thinking about the consequences of the stimulus –> simultaneous physiological and emotional response
Type A personality
aggressive, efficient, goal-oriented; stress has high impact
Type B personality
non-confrontational, easy-going, non-competitive; stress has very little impact
Type C personality
not assertive, suppress own desires; stress has high impact because they internalize things
Hardy personality
thrive on stress, see things as a personal commitment, everything is a challenge to overcome
General Adaptation Syndrome
(stages of stress experience) alarm, resistance, exhaustion; sympathetic nervous system activated in order to return to homeostasis or until resources run out
Avoidance-avoidance
choosing between two negative choices
Approach-approach
choosing between two positive choices
Approach-avoidance
choosing between two choices that have both positive and negative effects
sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Type D personality
social inhibition and pessimism; stress impacts more
external locus of control
have no control over their destiny
internal locus of control
have power over everything
need
requirement essential to survival
drive
tension created by the lack of a need
primary drive
survival needs of the body
secondary drive
needs learned through experience or conditioning
Self-Determination Theory
needs of autonomy, competence, affiliation
emotion low road
quick emotional response to stimulus by a faster path to the amygdala
emotion high road
slower, more cognitive emotional response to stimulus by a longer, slower path to the amygdala
