Chapter 1 Pt.2 Research Methods

Question 1

Jane Goodall

Answer 1

chimpanzees, natural observation

Question 2

Phineas Gage

Answer 2

had a rod through his head, an example of a case study

Question 3

Validity

Answer 3

are the results measuring what they say they are

Question 4

Reliability

Answer 4

are the results reproducable

Question 5

Types of Threats to Internal Validity

Answer 5

history, maturation (is it a normal development), regression (from pretest posttest), selection (if nonrandom), mortality, testing (pre/post testing), instrumentation,

Question 6

Experimenter bias

Answer 6

when the experimenters introduce bias based on personal expectations

Question 7

Observer bias

Answer 7

when the experimenters introduce bias based on personal expectations

Question 8

Observer effect/Hawthorne effect

Answer 8

the known presence of an observer affects the participants behavior

Question 9

Correlation

Answer 9

the correlation coefficient is between -1 and 1; correlation is from an observational or survey study that doesn’t prove causation; closer to 1/-1 is a more impactful correlation

Question 10

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 10

what you can summarize data with, but not necessarily conclude from; spread and variability

Question 11

Inferential Statistics

Answer 11

confidence and significance; what you can make conclusions from

Question 12

Measures of Variabiity

Answer 12

mean, median, mode

Question 13

Measures of Spread

Answer 13

range, standard deviation, z-score

Question 14

P-value significance

Answer 14

when p is less than 0.05, the result is significant

Question 15

z-score percentages

Answer 15

1 z-score: 68%, 2 z-scores: 95%, 3 z-scores: 99.7%

Question 16

variance measure=

Answer 16

standard deviation squared

Question 17

confirmation bias

Answer 17

when the participant tailors their answer to make the observer happy

Question 18

cross sectional study

Answer 18

examine a representative sample of different ages. For example, randomly select a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, 25 year olds etc.

Question 19

NOTE: FOR FINALS, THIS IS NOT COMPREHENSIVE

Answer 19

NOTE: FOR FINALS, THIS IS NOT COMPREHENSIVE