Ch 6 and 7 Memory and Cognition Flashcards
memory
active system receiving info from senses, puts info into usable form, organizes it, stores it away
basic memory process breakdown
encoding of neural info from sensory info; storage; retrieval
information-processing model
most comprehensive model; details encoding, storage, and retrieval as memory sequence
parallel distributed processing model
encoding, storage, and retrieval are simultaneous; related to artificial intelligence and connectionism
levels-of-processing model
we remember what we’ve thought about deeply, thought about meaning
iconic sensory memory
visual memory; can hold everything you can see at one time; memory doesn’t last long (1 sec); helps see surroundings as continuous
eidetic memory
can see something they just saw, again
photographic memory
not really, eidetic memory is rare; just means they have a good memory
echoic sensory memory
hearing memory; smaller capacity than visual; only hears what can be heard at one time; memory lasts longer than visual (4 secs)
Short-Term memory
if sensory information is deemed important to hold onto, it goes to STM; held 12-30 secs;
STM and selective attention
STM determines what is most important stimuli to store in the STM
Encoding of STM
is literally a talking or sound within your head
Capacity of STM
about 7 pieces of information, so if you chunk info, you can hold more STM
maintenance rehearsal
repeating something to remember it, info stays in STM until rehearsal stops
memory interference
when rehearsal is interrupted, or capacity is exceeded, can’t encode
Long-Term memory
when information is intended to be kept permanently; theoretically we have unlimited storage, so everything is stored but not always free to be retrieved
Encoding of LTM
as images, sounds, smells, tastes; BUT mostly stored as meaningful concepts; can be through maintenance rehearsal, but usually elaborative
elaborative rehearsal
transfer STM to LTM by connecting new info to existing and known info
Nondeclerative/Implicit LTM
skills and habits; procedural and gained through practice and experience; hard to consciously explain
Declerative/Explicit LTM
information that makes up knowledge; easily made conscious
Semantic Declerative LTM
anyone can know, knowledge of concepts, learned
Episodic Declerative LTM
personal history, autobiographical memory; updated and revised constantly so that unimportant things disappear (can’t remember everything that has happened to you)
Semantic network model
when learning something, info is stored near closely related things; we can access things simultaneously because of the parallel distributed processing model
prospective memory
remembering that we need to perform a task later
retrieval cues
stimuli to remember, the more cues associated to something, the easier to remember it; anything can be a cue
encoding specificity
association between surroundings and remembered info
context of encoding specificity
remember something better when you’re in a similar environment that the memory was formed in
state-dependence of encoding specificity
memories formed during a similar physiological/psychological state are easier to remember in that state; when you’re fighting a friend, you remember bad things about them
recall
memories prompted with no external cues (fill in the blank question)
recall failure
when you struggle to recall, but it feels like “its on the tip of your tongue”; can’t be pulled into the auditory STM to recall it
serial position effect
info at the beginning and end of a list/word is remembered better
primary effect
first things are remembered because there’s nothing in the STM already
recency effect
allows you to remember end because of what was just heard/seen is still in the STM
recognition
memories prompted with cues and matching the cues to what’s known in memory; easier than recall
visual recognition
is VERY accurate
false positive recognition
when you think you recognize something because of a similar stimulus
Automatic Encoding
some memories require no effort to be encoded; but the more time passes, the more the LTM has been modified, the more inaccuracies
constructive processing
each time something is recalled, a memory is rebuilt from encoder info and sometimes things are added or excluded
hindsight bias
people falsely believe that they would’ve predicted something before being told about it
