PS5: learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

acquisition of new behaviors

Question 2

observational learning

Answer 2

result of watching and mimicking the actions of others

Question 3

modeling

Answer 3

process of observing another person, then mimicking their behavior

Question 4

mirror neurons

Answer 4

neuronal connections within the brain that inspire the mimicking of certain behaviors and emotions

Question 5

vicarious emotions

Answer 5

emotions felt as result of another individuals’s experience, such as empathy

Question 6

associative learning

Answer 6

occurs as a result of associating a behavior or stimulus with an additional environmental stimulus

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

associative learning that transfers innate physiological reactions to a certain stimulus to create a response for a new, artificial stimulus

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

stimulus that naturally leads to an innate unconditioned response

Question 9

neutral stimulus

Answer 9

does not lead to any particular response

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

when a neutral stimulus leads to a conditioned response after learning

Question 11

acquisition

Answer 11

successful conditioning of a newly conditioned response

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

extension of a conditioned stimulus to encompass similar things which will elicit the same response

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

ability of a subject to distinguish between stimuli that are similar and respond only to the actual conditioned stimulus

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

loss of conditioned response if conditioned stimulus is not associated with unconditioned stimulus enough

Question 15

spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

sudden conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus after a period of extinction

Question 16

preparedness

Answer 16

when an organism learns a behavior similar to what it is naturally predisposed to

Question 17

instinctive drift

Answer 17

some behaviors are harder to teach and retain if they go against innate behaviors

Question 18

behavioral sequences

Answer 18

series of ordered actions that must be performed in a sequence

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

conditions voluntary behaviors

Question 20

reinforcers

Answer 20

always encourage or increase the frequency of a behavior

Question 21

punishers

Answer 21

always discourage or decrease the frequency of a behavior

Question 22

positive qualifier

Answer 22

indicates addition of a stimulus

Question 23

negative qualifier

Answer 23

indicates removal of a stimulus

Question 24

positive punishment

Answer 24

addition of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior

Question 26

escape learning

Answer 26

behaviors that seek to remove an already-present stimulus

Question 27

avoidance learning

Answer 27

behaviors that seek to prevent unfavorable consequences

Question 28

ratio-dependent schedule

Answer 28

frequency of reinforcement is dependent on how many times the behavior is performed

Question 29

interval-dependent schedule

Answer 29

reinforcement is based on length of time

Question 30

fixed-ratio

Answer 30

desired behavior will be reinforced after a set number of trials

Question 31

variable-ratio

Answer 31

desired behavior is reinforced after a varying number of performances

Question 32

fixed-interval

Answer 32

desired behavior will be reinforced after a set amount of time passes once the last behavior has been reinforced

Question 33

variable-interval

Answer 33

desired behavior is rewarded at different intervals between trials

Question 34

shaping

Answer 34

rewarding of increasingly specific behaviors

Question 35

primary reinforcers

Answer 35

rely on controlling a voluntary behavior

Question 36

secondary reinforcers

Answer 36

associated with the primary reinforcer through conditioning